The relevance of cardiac and gastric interoception for disordered eating behavior.

Background
Gastric interoception (i.e., the perception of gastrointestinal signals such as hunger, satiety or nausea) in the context of eating has recently gained increasing research attention. Nevertheless, it remains poorly understood how different interoceptive dimensions (e.g., self-report) and organ systems (e.g., cardiac, gastric) relate to each other and to disordered eating behaviors such as emotional, external and restrained eating. We assessed multiple dimensions (behavioral, self-reported, and physiological) in the cardiac domain (interoceptive accuracy, interoceptive self-report, interoceptive insight and objective physiological state) and in the gastric domain (gastric interoceptive sensitivity, gastric attribution of interoceptive sensations, interoceptive self-report, interoceptive insight and objective physiological state). The first goal of this study was to examine the relationship between cardiac and gastric interoception measured via multiple dimensions (behavioral, self-reported, and physiological). The second goal was to investigate whether multidimensional gastric interoception was a more important predictor of emotional, external and restrained eating than multidimensional cardiac interoception.Methods
Our sample (n = 128) was predominantly female (n = 116), included healthy individuals (n = 87) and individuals with an eating disorder or sub-clinical eating disorder (n = 41). Instruments included a heartbeat counting task, the two-step Water Load Test, electrocardiogram, electrogastrogram and the Dutch-Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. We used correlation analysis, multiple regressions, and LASSO regressions. The final sample included in the multiple regression and LASSO regressions resulted in N = 89.Results
Results showed cardiac and gastric interoception to be distinguishable, yet not to be entirely independent processes. Results further suggest gastric and not cardiac interoception to be the most important predictor of emotional, external and restrained eating. Specifically gastric attribution of interoceptive sensations played the most important role in all disordered eating behaviors.Conclusions
Our findings highlight the importance of the gastric system in the assessment and targeted treatment of disordered eating behaviors. Future research should consider adding additional interoceptive dimensions.This study examined how awareness of stomach (gastric) and heart (cardiac) signals relates to disordered eating behaviors, such as eating due to emotions, external cues, or restricting food intake. These behaviors increase the risk of eating disorders and are often elevated in those affected. Interoception, which can influence behaviors and emotions, includes multiple aspects, such as sensing and interpreting internal body signals but also the body signal itself. This study aimed to determine whether gastric interoception is more important than cardiac interoception in predicting these eating behaviors.The study involved 128 participants, mostly women, including healthy individuals and those with eating disorders. Interoception was assessed using tasks like counting heartbeats, drinking water to feel full, and questionnaires about bodily signal perception and eating behaviors.Results showed gastric and cardiac interoception are distinct but share some links. Awareness of stomach signals was a stronger predictor of disordered eating than awareness of heart signals. Feeling negative after drinking water until full was most strongly associated with disordered eatingThese findings emphasize the importance of stomach signal awareness in understanding and treating eating disorders. Future research should explore other aspects of interoception to improve treatments for these conditions.