The role of antecedent conditions in translating precipitation events into extreme floods at the catchment scale and in a large-basin context

In this study, we analyze how precipitation, antecedent conditions, and their spatial patterns and interactions lead to extreme floods in a large catchment. The analysis is based on 10 000 years of continuous simulations from a hydro-meteorological modelling chain for a large catchment, the Aare River basin, Switzerland. To account for different flood-generating processes, we based our work on simulations with hourly time resolution. The hydro-meteorological modelling chain consisted of a stochastic weather generator (GWEX), a bucket-type hydrological model (HBV), and a routing system (RS MINERVE), providing the hydrological basis for flood protection management in the Aare River basin. From the long continuous simulations of runoff, snow, soil moisture, and dynamic storage, we were able to assess which combinations of antecedent conditions and triggering precipitation lead to extreme floods in the sub-basins of the Aare catchment. We found that only about 18 % to 44 % (depending on the sub-catchment) of annual maximum precipitation (AMP) and simulated annual maximum flood (AMF) events occurred simultaneously, highlighting the importance of antecedent conditions for the generation of large floods. For most sub-catchments in the 200–500 km2 range, after return periods greater than 500 years we found only AMF caused by triggering AMP, which is notably higher than the return periods typically used for design floods. Spatial organization within a larger area is complicated. After routing the simulated runoff, we analyzed the important patterns and drivers of extreme flooding at the outlet of the Aare River basin using a random forest. The different return period classes had distinct key predictors and showed specific spatial patterns of antecedent conditions in the sub-catchments, leading to different degrees of extreme flooding. While precipitation and soil moisture conditions from almost all sub-catchments were important for more frequent floods, for rarer events only the conditions in specific sub-catchments were important. Snow conditions were important only from specific sub-catchments and for more frequent events.