Illi, Joël AlainJoël AlainIlliBernhard, BenediktBenediktBernhardNguyen, ChristopherChristopherNguyenPilgrim, ThomasThomasPilgrimPraz, Fabien DanielFabien DanielPrazGlöckler, MartinMartinGlöcklerWindecker, StephanStephanWindeckerHäberlin, Andreas David HeinrichAndreas David HeinrichHäberlin0000-0002-9283-0110Gräni, ChristophChristophGräni2025-01-082025-01-082022-10https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/202114Translation of imaging into 3-dimensional (3D) printed patient-specific phantoms (3DPSPs) can help visualize complex cardiovascular anatomy and enable tailoring of therapy. The aim of this paper is to review the entire process of phantom production, including imaging, materials, 3D printing technologies, and the validation of 3DPSPs. A systematic review of published research was conducted using Embase and MEDLINE, including studies that investigated 3DPSPs in cardiovascular medicine. Among 2,534 screened papers, 212 fulfilled inclusion criteria and described 3DPSPs as a valuable adjunct for planning and guiding interventions (n = 108 [51%]), simulation of physiological or pathological conditions (n = 19 [9%]), teaching of health care professionals (n = 23 [11%]), patient education (n = 3 [1.4%]), outcome prediction (n = 6 [2.8%]), or other purposes (n = 53 [25%]). The most common imaging modalities to enable 3D printing were cardiac computed tomography (n = 131 [61.8%]) and cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 26 [12.3%]). The printing process was conducted mostly by material jetting (n = 54 [25.5%]) or stereolithography (n = 43 [20.3%]). The 10 largest studies that evaluated the geometric accuracy of 3DPSPs described a mean bias <±1 mm; however, the validation process was very heterogeneous among the studies. Three-dimensional printed patient-specific phantoms are highly accurate, used for teaching, and applied to guide cardiovascular therapy. Systematic comparison of imaging and printing modalities following a standardized validation process is warranted to allow conclusions on the optimal production process of 3DPSPs in the field of cardiovascular medicine.en3D printing 3D3-dimensional 3DPSP3-dimensional printed patient-specific phantom AMadditive manufacturing CCTcardiac computed tomography CMRcardiac magnetic resonance DICOMDigital Imaging and Communications in Medicine FDMfused deposition modeling PBFpowder bed fusion SLAstereolithography TEEtransesophageal echocardiography VPvoxel printing additive manufacturing cardiovascular disease patient-specific phantoms personalized medicine silicone casting voxel printing600 - Technology::610 - Medicine & healtharticle10.48350/1745893633792010.1016/j.jacbts.2022.01.002