Ma, HaozhiHaozhiMaCrowther, Thomas WThomas WCrowtherMo, LidongLidongMoMaynard, Daniel SDaniel SMaynardRenner, Susanne SSusanne SRennervan den Hoogen, JohanJohanvan den HoogenZou, YibiaoYibiaoZouLiang, JingjingJingjingLiangde-Miguel, SergioSergiode-MiguelNabuurs, Gert-JanGert-JanNabuursReich, Peter BPeter BReichNiinemets, ÜloÜloNiinemetsAbegg, MeinradMeinradAbeggAdou Yao, Yves CYves CAdou YaoAlberti, GiorgioGiorgioAlbertiAlmeyda Zambrano, Angelica MAngelica MAlmeyda ZambranoAlvarado, Braulio VilchezBraulio VilchezAlvaradoAlvarez-Dávila, EstebanEstebanAlvarez-DávilaAlvarez-Loayza, PatriciaPatriciaAlvarez-LoayzaAlves, Luciana FLuciana FAlvesAmmer, ChristianChristianAmmerAntón-Fernández, ClaraClaraAntón-FernándezAraujo-Murakami, AlejandroAlejandroAraujo-MurakamiArroyo, LuzmilaLuzmilaArroyoAvitabile, ValerioValerioAvitabileAymard, Gerardo AGerardo AAymardBaker, Timothy RTimothy RBakerBałazy, RadomirRadomirBałazyBanki, OlafOlafBankiBarroso, Jorcely GJorcely GBarrosoBastian, Meredith LMeredith LBastianBastin, Jean-FrancoisJean-FrancoisBastinBirigazzi, LucaLucaBirigazziBirnbaum, PhilippePhilippeBirnbaumBitariho, RobertRobertBitarihoBoeckx, PascalPascalBoeckxBongers, FransFransBongersBouriaud, OlivierOlivierBouriaudBrancalion, Pedro H SPedro H SBrancalionBrandl, SusanneSusanneBrandlBrearley, Francis QFrancis QBrearleyBrienen, RoelRoelBrienenBroadbent, Eben NEben NBroadbentBruelheide, HelgeHelgeBruelheideBussotti, FilippoFilippoBussottiCazzolla Gatti, RobertoRobertoCazzolla GattiCésar, Ricardo GRicardo GCésarCesljar, GoranGoranCesljarChazdon, RobinRobinChazdonChen, Han Y HHan Y HChenChisholm, ChelseaChelseaChisholmCho, HyunkookHyunkookChoCienciala, EmilEmilCiencialaClark, ConnieConnieClarkClark, DavidDavidClarkColletta, Gabriel DGabriel DCollettaCoomes, David ADavid ACoomesValverde, Fernando CornejoFernando CornejoValverdeCorral-Rivas, José JJosé JCorral-RivasCrim, Philip MPhilip MCrimCumming, Jonathan RJonathan RCummingDayanandan, SelvaduraiSelvaduraiDayanandande Gasper, André LAndré Lde GasperDecuyper, MathieuMathieuDecuyperDerroire, GéraldineGéraldineDerroireDeVries, BenBenDeVriesDjordjevic, IlijaIlijaDjordjevicDolezal, JiriJiriDolezalDourdain, AurélieAurélieDourdainEngone Obiang, Nestor LaurierNestor LaurierEngone ObiangEnquist, Brian JBrian JEnquistEyre, Teresa JTeresa JEyreFandohan, Adandé BelarmainAdandé BelarmainFandohanFayle, Tom MTom MFayleFeldpausch, Ted RTed RFeldpauschFerreira, Leandro VLeandro VFerreiraFinér, LeenaLeenaFinérFischer, MarkusMarkusFischerFletcher, ChristineChristineFletcherFridman, JonasJonasFridmanFrizzera, LorenzoLorenzoFrizzeraGamarra, Javier G PJavier G PGamarraGianelle, DamianoDamianoGianelleGlick, Henry BHenry BGlickHarris, David JDavid JHarrisHector, AndrewAndrewHectorHemp, AndreasAndreasHempHengeveld, GeertenGeertenHengeveldHérault, BrunoBrunoHéraultHerbohn, John LJohn LHerbohnHerold, MartinMartinHeroldHillers, AnnikaAnnikaHillersHonorio Coronado, Eurídice NEurídice NHonorio CoronadoHui, CangCangHuiIbanez, Thomas TThomas TIbanezAmaral, IêdaIêdaAmaralImai, NobuoNobuoImaiJagodziński, Andrzej MAndrzej MJagodzińskiJaroszewicz, BogdanBogdanJaroszewiczJohannsen, Vivian KvistVivian KvistJohannsenJoly, Carlos ACarlos AJolyJucker, TommasoTommasoJuckerJung, IlbinIlbinJungKarminov, ViktorViktorKarminovKartawinata, KuswataKuswataKartawinataKearsley, ElizabethElizabethKearsleyKenfack, DavidDavidKenfackKennard, Deborah KDeborah KKennardKepfer-Rojas, SebastianSebastianKepfer-RojasKeppel, GunnarGunnarKeppelKhan, Mohammed LatifMohammed LatifKhanKilleen, Timothy JTimothy JKilleenKim, Hyun SeokHyun SeokKimKitayama, KanehiroKanehiroKitayamaKöhl, MichaelMichaelKöhlKorjus, HennHennKorjusKraxner, FlorianFlorianKraxnerKucher, DmitryDmitryKucherLaarmann, DianaDianaLaarmannLang, MaitMaitLangLewis, Simon LSimon LLewisLu, HuicuiHuicuiLuLukina, Natalia VNatalia VLukinaMaitner, Brian SBrian SMaitnerMalhi, YadvinderYadvinderMalhiMarcon, EricEricMarconMarimon, Beatriz SchwantesBeatriz SchwantesMarimonMarimon-Junior, Ben HurBen HurMarimon-JuniorMarshall, Andrew RAndrew RMarshallMartin, Emanuel HEmanuel HMartinMeave, Jorge AJorge AMeaveMelo-Cruz, OmarOmarMelo-CruzMendoza, CasimiroCasimiroMendozaMerow, CoryCoryMerowMonteagudo Mendoza, AbelAbelMonteagudo MendozaMoreno, Vanessa SVanessa SMorenoMukul, Sharif ASharif AMukulMundhenk, PhilipPhilipMundhenkNava-Miranda, María GuadalupeMaría GuadalupeNava-MirandaNeill, DavidDavidNeillNeldner, Victor JVictor JNeldnerNevenic, Radovan VRadovan VNevenicNgugi, Michael RMichael RNgugiNiklaus, Pascal APascal ANiklausOleksyn, JacekJacekOleksynOntikov, PetrPetrOntikovOrtiz-Malavasi, EdgarEdgarOrtiz-MalavasiPan, YudeYudePanPaquette, AlainAlainPaquetteParada-Gutierrez, AlexanderAlexanderParada-GutierrezParfenova, Elena IElena IParfenovaPark, MinjeeMinjeeParkParren, MarcMarcParrenParthasarathy, NarayanaswamyNarayanaswamyParthasarathyPeri, Pablo LPablo LPeriPfautsch, SebastianSebastianPfautschPhillips, Oliver LOliver LPhillipsPicard, NicolasNicolasPicardPiedade, Maria Teresa FMaria Teresa FPiedadePiotto, DanielDanielPiottoPitman, Nigel C ANigel C APitmanMendoza-Polo, IrinaIrinaMendoza-PoloPoulsen, Axel DAxel DPoulsenPoulsen, John RJohn RPoulsenPretzsch, HansHansPretzschRamirez Arevalo, FreddyFreddyRamirez ArevaloRestrepo-Correa, ZoraydaZoraydaRestrepo-CorreaRodeghiero, MircoMircoRodeghieroRolim, Samir GSamir GRolimRoopsind, AnandAnandRoopsindRovero, FrancescoFrancescoRoveroRutishauser, ErvanErvanRutishauserSaikia, PurabiPurabiSaikiaSalas-Eljatib, ChristianChristianSalas-EljatibSaner, PhilippePhilippeSanerSchall, PeterPeterSchallSchelhaas, Mart-JanMart-JanSchelhaasSchepaschenko, DmitryDmitrySchepaschenkoScherer-Lorenzen, MichaelMichaelScherer-LorenzenSchmid, BernhardBernhardSchmidSchöngart, JochenJochenSchöngartSearle, Eric BEric BSearleSeben, VladimírVladimírSebenSerra-Diaz, Josep MJosep MSerra-DiazSheil, DouglasDouglasSheilShvidenko, Anatoly ZAnatoly ZShvidenkoSilva-Espejo, Javier EJavier ESilva-EspejoSilveira, MarcosMarcosSilveiraSingh, JamesJamesSinghSist, PlinioPlinioSistSlik, FerryFerrySlikSonké, BonaventureBonaventureSonkéSouza, Alexandre FAlexandre FSouzaMiścicki, StanislawStanislawMiścickiStereńczak, Krzysztof JKrzysztof JStereńczakSvenning, Jens-ChristianJens-ChristianSvenningSvoboda, MiroslavMiroslavSvobodaSwanepoel, BenBenSwanepoelTarghetta, NataliaNataliaTarghettaTchebakova, NadjaNadjaTchebakovaTer Steege, HansHansTer SteegeThomas, RaquelRaquelThomasTikhonova, ElenaElenaTikhonovaUmunay, Peter MPeter MUmunayUsoltsev, Vladimir AVladimir AUsoltsevValencia, RenatoRenatoValenciaValladares, FernandoFernandoValladaresvan der Plas, FonsFonsvan der PlasVan Do, TranTranVan Dovan Nuland, Michael EMichael Evan NulandVasquez, Rodolfo MRodolfo MVasquezVerbeeck, HansHansVerbeeckViana, HelderHelderVianaVibrans, Alexander CAlexander CVibransVieira, SimoneSimoneVieiravon Gadow, KlausKlausvon GadowWang, Hua-FengHua-FengWangWatson, James VJames VWatsonWerner, Gijsbert D AGijsbert D AWernerWesterlund, BertilBertilWesterlundWiser, Susan KSusan KWiserWittmann, FlorianFlorianWittmannWoell, HannsjoergHannsjoergWoellWortel, VerginiaVerginiaWortelZagt, RoderickRoderickZagtZawiła-Niedźwiecki, TomaszTomaszZawiła-NiedźwieckiZhang, ChunyuChunyuZhangZhao, XiuhaiXiuhaiZhaoZhou, MoMoZhouZhu, Zhi-XinZhi-XinZhuZo-Bi, Irie CIrie CZo-BiZohner, Constantin MConstantin MZohner2024-10-252024-10-252023-11https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/170841Understanding what controls global leaf type variation in trees is crucial for comprehending their role in terrestrial ecosystems, including carbon, water and nutrient dynamics. Yet our understanding of the factors influencing forest leaf types remains incomplete, leaving us uncertain about the global proportions of needle-leaved, broadleaved, evergreen and deciduous trees. To address these gaps, we conducted a global, ground-sourced assessment of forest leaf-type variation by integrating forest inventory data with comprehensive leaf form (broadleaf vs needle-leaf) and habit (evergreen vs deciduous) records. We found that global variation in leaf habit is primarily driven by isothermality and soil characteristics, while leaf form is predominantly driven by temperature. Given these relationships, we estimate that 38% of global tree individuals are needle-leaved evergreen, 29% are broadleaved evergreen, 27% are broadleaved deciduous and 5% are needle-leaved deciduous. The aboveground biomass distribution among these tree types is approximately 21% (126.4 Gt), 54% (335.7 Gt), 22% (136.2 Gt) and 3% (18.7 Gt), respectively. We further project that, depending on future emissions pathways, 17-34% of forested areas will experience climate conditions by the end of the century that currently support a different forest type, highlighting the intensification of climatic stress on existing forests. By quantifying the distribution of tree leaf types and their corresponding biomass, and identifying regions where climate change will exert greatest pressure on current leaf types, our results can help improve predictions of future terrestrial ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling.en500 - Science::580 - Plants (Botany)article10.48350/1873993787226210.1038/s41477-023-01543-5