Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N.Konstantinos N.FountoulakisVrublevska, JelenaJelenaVrublevskaAbraham, SeriSeriAbrahamAdorjan, KristinaKristinaAdorjanAhmed, Helal UddinHelal UddinAhmedAlarcón, Renato D.Renato D.AlarcónArai, KiyomiKiyomiAraiAuwal, Sani SalihuSani SalihuAuwalBerk, MichaelMichaelBerkBjedov, SarahSarahBjedovBobes, JulioJulioBobesBobes-Bascaran, TeresaTeresaBobes-BascaranBourgin-Duchesnay, JulieJulieBourgin-DuchesnayBredicean, Cristina AnaCristina AnaBrediceanBukelskis, LaurynasLaurynasBukelskisBurkadze, AkakiAkakiBurkadzeAbud, Indira Indiana CabreraIndira Indiana CabreraAbudCastilla-Puentes, RubyRubyCastilla-PuentesCetkovich, MarceloMarceloCetkovichColon-Rivera, HectorHectorColon-RiveraCorral, RicardoRicardoCorralCortez-Vergara, CarlaCarlaCortez-VergaraCrepin, PiirikaPiirikaCrepinDe Berardis, DomenicoDomenicoDe BerardisDelgado, Sergio ZamoraSergio ZamoraDelgadoDe Lucena, DavidDavidDe LucenaDe Sousa, AvinashAvinashDe SousaDi Stefano, RamonaRamonaDi StefanoDodd, SeetalSeetalDoddElek, Livia PriyankaLivia PriyankaElekElissa, AnnaAnnaElissaErdelyi-Hamza, BertaBertaErdelyi-HamzaErzin, GamzeGamzeErzinEtchevers, Martin J.Martin J.EtcheversFalkai, PeterPeterFalkaiFarcas, AdrianaAdrianaFarcasFedotov, IlyaIlyaFedotovFilatova, ViktoriiaViktoriiaFilatovaFountoulakis, Nikolaos K.Nikolaos K.FountoulakisFrankova, IrynaIrynaFrankovaFranza, FrancescoFrancescoFranzaFrias, PedroPedroFriasGalako, TatianaTatianaGalakoGaray, Cristian J.Cristian J.GarayGarcia-Álvarez, LeticiaLeticiaGarcia-ÁlvarezGarcía-Portilla, Maria PazMaria PazGarcía-PortillaGonda, XeniaXeniaGondaGondek, Tomasz M.Tomasz M.GondekGonzález, Daniela MoreraDaniela MoreraGonzálezGould, HilaryHilaryGouldGrandinetti, PaoloPaoloGrandinettiGrau, ArturoArturoGrauGroudeva, VioletaVioletaGroudevaHagin, MichalMichalHaginHarada, TakayukiTakayukiHaradaHasan, Tasdik M.Tasdik M.HasanHashim, Nurul AzreenNurul AzreenHashimHilbig, JanJanHilbigHossain, SahadatSahadatHossainIakimova, RossitzaRossitzaIakimovaIbrahim, MonaMonaIbrahimIftene, FeliciaFeliciaIfteneIgnatenko, YuliaYuliaIgnatenkoIrarrazaval, MatiasMatiasIrarrazavalIsmail, ZalihaZalihaIsmailIsmayilova, JamilaJamilaIsmayilovaJacobs, AsafAsafJacobsJakovljević, MiroMiroJakovljevićJakšić, NenadNenadJakšićJaved, AfzalAfzalJavedKafali, Helin YilmazHelin YilmazKafaliKaria, SagarSagarKariaKazakova, OlgaOlgaKazakovaKhalifa, DoaaDoaaKhalifaKhaustova, OlenaOlenaKhaustovaKoh, SteveSteveKohKosenko, KorneliiaKorneliiaKosenkoKoupidis, Sotirios A.Sotirios A.KoupidisLalljee, AlishaAlishaLalljeeLiewig, JustineJustineLiewigMajid, AbdulAbdulMajidMalashonkova, EvgeniiaEvgeniiaMalashonkovaMalik, KhameliaKhameliaMalikMalik, Najma IqbalNajma IqbalMalikMammadzada, GulayGulayMammadzadaMandalia, BilveshBilveshMandaliaMarazziti, DonatellaDonatellaMarazzitiMarčinko, DarkoDarkoMarčinkoMartinez, StephanieStephanieMartinezMatiekus, EimantasEimantasMatiekusMejia, GabrielaGabrielaMejiaMemon, Roha SaeedRoha SaeedMemonMartínez, Xarah Elenne MezaXarah Elenne MezaMartínezMickevičiūtė, DaliaDaliaMickevičiūtėMilev, RoumenRoumenMilevMohammed, MuftauMuftauMohammedMolina-López, AlejandroAlejandroMolina-LópezMorozov, PetrPetrMorozovMuhammad, Nuru SuleimanNuru SuleimanMuhammadMustač, FilipFilipMustačNaor, Mika S.Mika S.NaorNassieb, AmiraAmiraNassiebNavickas, AlvydasAlvydasNavickasOkasha, TarekTarekOkashaPandova, MilenaMilenaPandovaPanfil, Anca-LiviaAnca-LiviaPanfilPanteleeva, LiliyaLiliyaPanteleevaPapava, IonIonPapavaPatsali, Mikaella E.Mikaella E.PatsaliPavlichenko, AlexeyAlexeyPavlichenkoPejuskovic, BojanaBojanaPejuskovicDa Costa, Mariana PintoMariana PintoDa CostaPopkov, MikhailMikhailPopkovPopovic, DinaDinaPopovicRaduan, Nor Jannah NasutionNor Jannah NasutionRaduanRamírez, Francisca VargasFrancisca VargasRamírezRancans, ElmarsElmarsRancansRazali, SalmiSalmiRazaliRebok, FedericoFedericoRebokRewekant, AnnaAnnaRewekantFlores, Elena Ninoska ReyesElena Ninoska ReyesFloresRivera-Encinas, María TeresaMaría TeresaRivera-EncinasSaiz, PilarPilarSaizde Carmona, Manuel SánchezManuel Sánchezde CarmonaMartínez, David SaucedoDavid SaucedoMartínezSaw, Jo AnneJo AnneSawSaygili, GörkemGörkemSaygiliSchneidereit, PatriciaPatriciaSchneidereitShah, BhumikaBhumikaShahShirasaka, TomohiroTomohiroShirasakaSilagadze, KetevanKetevanSilagadzeSitanggang, SattiSattiSitanggangSkugarevsky, OlegOlegSkugarevskySpikina, AnnaAnnaSpikinaMahalingappa, Sridevi SiraSridevi SiraMahalingappaStoyanova, MariaMariaStoyanovaSzczegielniak, AnnaAnnaSzczegielniakTamasan, Simona ClaudiaSimona ClaudiaTamasanTavormina, GiuseppeGiuseppeTavorminaTavormina, Maurilio Giuseppe MariaMaurilio Giuseppe MariaTavorminaTheodorakis, Pavlos N.Pavlos N.TheodorakisTohen, MauricioMauricioTohenTsapakis, Eva MariaEva MariaTsapakisTukhvatullina, DinaDinaTukhvatullinaUllah, IrfanIrfanUllahVaidya, RatnarajRatnarajVaidyaVega-Dienstmaier, Johann M.Johann M.Vega-DienstmaierVukovic, OliveraOliveraVukovicVysotska, OlgaOlgaVysotskaWidiasih, NataliaNataliaWidiasihYashikhina, AnnaAnnaYashikhinaSmirnova, DariaDariaSmirnova2025-05-282025-05-282024-05https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/211103Background The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant mental health challenges, particularly for vulnerable populations, including non-binary gender individuals. The COMET international study aimed to investigate specific risk factors for clinical depression or distress during the pandemic, also in these special populations. Methods Chi-square tests were used for initial screening to select only those variables which would show an initial significance. Risk Ratios (RR) were calculated, and a Multiple Backward Stepwise Linear Regression Analysis (MBSLRA) was followed with those variables given significant results at screening and with the presence of distress or depression or the lack of both of them. Results The most important risk factors for depression were female (RR = 1.59–5.49) and non-binary gender (RR = 1.56–7.41), unemployment (RR = 1.41–6.57), not working during lockdowns (RR = 1.43–5.79), bad general health (RR = 2.74–9.98), chronic somatic disorder (RR = 1.22–5.57), history of mental disorders (depression RR = 2.31–9.47; suicide attempt RR = 2.33–9.75; psychosis RR = 2.14–10.08; Bipolar disorder RR = 2.75–12.86), smoking status (RR = 1.15–5.31) and substance use (RR = 1.77–8.01). The risk factors for distress or depression that survived MBSLRA were younger age, being widowed, living alone, bad general health, being a carer, chronic somatic disorder, not working during lockdowns, being single, self-reported history of depression, bipolar disorder, self-harm, suicide attempts and of other mental disorders, smoking, alcohol, and substance use. Conclusions Targeted preventive interventions are crucial to safeguard the mental health of vulnerable groups, emphasizing the importance of diverse samples in future research.enCOVID-19DepressionMental health historyNon-binary genderRisk factorsarticle10.48620/881453838281610.1016/j.jad.2024.02.050