MacLean, Andrew JAndrew JMacLeanRichmond, NiamhNiamhRichmondKoneva, LadaLadaKonevaAttar, MoustafaMoustafaAttarMedina, Cesar A PCesar A PMedinaThornton, Emily EEmily EThorntonGomes, Ariane CruzAriane CruzGomesEl-Turabi, AadilAadilEl-TurabiBachmann, MartinMartinBachmannRijal, PramilaPramilaRijalTan, Tiong KitTiong KitTanTownsend, AlainAlainTownsendSansom, Stephen NStephen NSansomBannard, OliverOliverBannardArnon, Tal ITal IArnon2024-10-092024-10-092022-04-12https://boris-portal.unibe.ch/handle/20.500.12422/69567Resident memory B (BRM) cells develop and persist in the lungs of influenza-infected mice and humans; however, their contribution to recall responses has not been defined. Here, we used two-photon microscopy to visualize BRM cells within the lungs of influenza -virus immune and reinfected mice. Prior to re-exposure, BRM cells were sparsely scattered throughout the tissue, displaying limited motility. Within 24 h of rechallenge, these cells increased their migratory capacity, localized to infected sites, and subsequently differentiated into plasma cells. Alveolar macrophages mediated this process, in part by inducing expression of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 from infiltrating inflammatory cells. This led to the recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3-expressing BRM cells to infected regions and increased local antibody concentrations. Our study uncovers spatiotemporal mechanisms that regulate lung BRM cell reactivation and demonstrates their capacity to rapidly deliver antibodies in a highly localized manner to sites of viral replication.enantibody response humoral immunity influenza virus live imaging memory B cell mucosal immunity plasma cells resident memory B cells tissue-resident immunity two-photon microscopy600 - Technology::610 - Medicine & healtharticle10.48350/1684053534978910.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.003