Patient-reported outcomes as drivers of postoperative delirium in the postanaesthesia care unit: Data from a one-year prospective cohort study.

Background
Value-based healthcare emphasises patient-centred outcomes. However, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMs) and Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) remain underused in peri-operative care. Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and serious complication associated with increased morbidity and healthcare costs. Understanding the prognostic value of PROMs and PREMs may support identification and prevention of POD in the postoperative anaesthesia care unit (PACU).Objectives
We assessed the association between peri-operative patient-reported symptoms and PACU POD using systematically collected PROMs and PREMs (including pain, anxiety, thirst, stress, and satisfaction), following the implementation of a brain protection care bundle.Design
Prospective cohort study.Setting
A single-centre study in a secondary-care private hospital in Switzerland from January 2023 to January 2024.Patients
1419 adults undergoing elective or urgent surgery. Exclusion criteria included age <18 years, inability to provide consent, language barriers, need for postoperative mechanical ventilation, or pre-operative Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (Nu-DESC scores >2).Interventions
Implementation of the Safe Brain Initiative (SBI) care bundle, incorporating 18 multidisciplinary, nonpharmacologic strategies to optimise peri-operative brain health.Main Outcome Measures
The primary outcome was PACU POD incidence, assessed using the Nu-DESC at emergence and PACU discharge. Secondary outcomes included associations between PACU POD and pre-operative PROMs (pain, anxiety, stress, nausea) and PREMs (satisfaction, well being).Results
PACU POD occurred in 19.6% of patients. Pre-operative anxiety (NRS > 7) was an independent predictor of POD (P = 0.012). Pre-operative PROMs showed increasing trends, while postoperative symptoms (pain, anxiety, nausea) significantly decreased. Patients with POD reported lower well being scores despite high satisfaction in other PREM domains.Conclusions
Pre-operative anxiety and stress strongly predict PACU POD, supporting early risk stratification and targeted interventions. Integrating PROMs and PREMs into peri-operative workflows enhances patient-centred care.Trial Registration
Not applicable; quality improvement project.