Neonatal developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with movement disorder and arthrogryposis: A shared phenotype across brain-expressed sodium channelopathies.

Objective
Neonatal developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with movement disorder and arthrogryposis (NDEEMA) represents the most severe end of the gain-of-function (GOF) SCN1A disorder spectrum. Sporadic cases of congenital arthrogryposis have also been reported in individuals with SCN2A-, SCN3A-, and SCN8A-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Here, we investigated whether NDEEMA occurs in other brain-expressed sodium channelopathies and characterized its features.
Methods
Individuals with the clinical phenotype of NDEEMA were identified through internal databases, an international network of epileptologists and geneticists, and the literature. Their clinical and genetic information was analyzed. A literature survey was conducted to review studies describing the functional effects of the pathogenic variants.
Results
Of 46 NDEEMA individuals, 25 harbored variants in SCN1A, 13 in SCN2A, one in SCN3A, and seven in SCN8A. Thirty-five different pathogenic/likely pathogenic missense variants were identified, all of which clustered in evolutionary conserved paralogous NaV positions. Five individuals died in utero. Thirty-nine of 41 (95%) liveborn individuals developed neonatal epilepsy with tonic seizures and/or apnea. Thirty-one individuals tried sodium channel blockers, of whom 21 (68%) experienced seizure reduction. All individuals for whom information was available developed movement disorders, with myoclonus, dystonia, and tremor being the most common features. Literature review of functional studies revealed that nine NDEEMA variants, and the corresponding paralogues of 16 additional NDEEMA variants, have been biophysically characterized as GOF.
Significance
This study expands the phenotype of NDEEMA from SCN1A to its paralogue sodium channel genes expressed in the brain: SCN2A, SCN3A, and SCN8A.