Non-symmetric perturbations of self-adjoint operators

We investigate the effect of non-symmetric relatively bounded perturbations on the spectrum of self-adjoint operators. In particular, we establish stability theorems for one or infinitely many spectral gaps along with corresponding resolvent estimates. These results extend, and improve, classical perturbation results by Kato and by Gohberg/Krein. Further, we study essential spectral gaps and perturbations exhibiting additional structure with respect to the unperturbed operator; in the latter case, we can even allow for perturbations with relative bound ≥1. The generality of our results is illustrated by several applications, massive and massless Dirac operators, point-coupled periodic systems, and two-channel Hamiltonians with dissipation.