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  3. SLEEPYLAND: trust begins with fair evaluation of automatic sleep staging models.
 

SLEEPYLAND: trust begins with fair evaluation of automatic sleep staging models.

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BORIS DOI
10.48620/93292
Publisher DOI
10.1038/s41746-025-02237-2
PubMed ID
41402410
Description
Automatic sleep staging with deep learning has advanced considerably, yet clinical adoption remains hindered by limited generalization, model bias, and inconsistent evaluation practices. We present SLEEPYLAND, an open-source framework comprising ~ 220,000 h of in-domain and ~ 84,000 h of out-of-domain polysomnographic recordings, spanning diverse ages, disorders, and hardware configurations. We release pre-trained state-of-the-art models, evaluating them across single- and multi-channel EEG/EOG setups. We introduce SOMNUS, an ensemble that integrates models via soft-voting, achieving robust performance across 24 datasets (macro-F1, 68.7-87.2%), outperforming individual models in 94.9% of cases and exceeding prior state-of-the-art. Exploiting the Bern-Sleep-Wake-Registry (N = 6633), we show that while SOMNUS improves generalization, no model architecture consistently minimizes model demographic/clinical bias. On multi-annotated datasets, SOMNUS surpasses the best human scorer (macro-F1, 85.2% vs 80.8% on DOD-H, and 80.2% vs 75.9% on DOD-O), more closely reproducing consensus. Finally, ensemble disagreement metrics predict scorer ambiguity (ROC-AUC 82.8%), providing reliable proxies for human uncertainty.
Date of Publication
2025-12-16
Publication Type
Article
Subject(s)
600 Technology > 610 Medicine & health
Language(s)
en
Contributor(s)
Rossi, Alvise Dei
Metaldi, Matteo
Bechny, Michalorcid-logo
Institute of Computer Science
Filchenko, Irinaorcid-logo
Clinic of Neurology
Schmidt, Markus H.
Clinic of Neurology
van der Meer, Julia
Clinic of Neurology
Tzovara, Athinaorcid-logo
Institute of Computer Science
Bassetti, Claudio L. A.
Clinic of Neurology
Faraci Francesca D.
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, IT’IS Foundation, Liceo Scientifico E. Fermi, SUPSI, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana, Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, University of York, Università degli Studi di Genova
Fiorillo, Luigi
Additional Credits
Clinic of Neurology
Institute of Computer Science
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, IT’IS Foundation, Liceo Scientifico E. Fermi, SUPSI, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana, Universidade de Coimbra Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia, University of York, Università degli Studi di Genova
Series
npj Digital Medicine
Publisher
Nature Research
ISSN
2398-6352
Access(Rights)
open.access
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