Age- and sex-specific normativevalues of bone mineral densityin theadultglenoid.

Theobjective of this study was todetermine the normativebone mineral density (BMD) of cortical and trabecular bone regions in the adult glenoid and itsdependence on the subject's age andsex.We analyzed computed tomography (CT) scans of 450 shoulders (317 males, 18-69 years)withoutany signs of glenohumeral joint pathology. Glenoid BMD was automaticallyquantified in six volumes of interest (VOIs): cortical bone (CO), subchondral cortical plate (SC), subchondral trabecular bone (ST), and three adjacent layers of trabecular bone (T1, T2, T3).BMD was measuredin Hounsfield unit (HU).We evaluated the association between glenoid BMD and sex and age with the Student'st-test andPearson'scorrelation coefficient (r), respectively.The lambda-mu-sigma method was used to determineage- and sex-specific normative values ofglenoid BMDin cortical (CO, SC) and trabecular (ST, T1, T2,T3)bone.Glenoid BMD was higher in males than females, in most age groups and most VOIs. Before 40 years old, the effect of age on BMD was very weak inboth males and females.After40 years old, BMD declined over time in all VOIs.ThisBMD decline with age was greater in females (cortical: r = - 0.45, trabecular:r = - 0.41) than in males (cortical:r = - 0.30;trabecular: r = - 0.32). Thesenormativeglenoid BMD values couldproveclinically relevantin the diagnosis and management of patients with various shoulderdisorders,in particular glenohumeral osteoarthritis and shoulder arthroplasty or shoulder instability, as well as in related research. Keywords This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.