Spatiotemporal variation of small hive beetle infestation levels in honeybee host colonies.

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High infestation levels of small hive beetle (SHB), Aethina tumida, can cause more damage to honeybee, Apis mellifera, host colonies. However, the spatiotemporal variation of SHB infestations is poorly understood. Here, we show that SHB infestations can be equally high in native and invasive ranges, suggesting that differences between host populations are the key criterion for damage. The data reveal that spatial variation within locations was not correlated with migratory beekeeping, SHB management strategies, nor the number of colonies at an apiary. Despite no annual changes in SHB infestations, the data confirm seasonal variation in infestations in two locations probably due to environmental factors affecting SHB. Infestations are lower in Italy than elsewhere, possibly due to strongly implemented management strategies. It is apparent that our understanding of varying SHB infestations is still limited. This suggests that further efforts are required to elucidate our knowledge of this important host-parasite system.Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13592-025-01206-8.