An increasing collection of cell culture techniques is currently available to model the lung microenvironment and study lung diseases, tissue, and tissue regeneration. In this chapter, developments in the field of organs-on-chips (OOC) are discussed with a specific focus on lung-on-chip. Features of airway and alveolus lung-on-chip models are described separately, with a focus on both the cell biology and bioengineering aspects. These include options to study crosstalk between various cell types and the extracellular matrix and the application of lung-specific mechanical forces that result from air and blood flow as well as stretch induced by breathing. Utilizing human induced pluripotent stem cell technology to generate lung cells for culture on-chip and coupling a lung-on-chip with other OOC increase their potential even further. The use of lung-on-chip models for disease modeling, inhalation toxicology, drug development, and screening is discussed as well as their potential for studying lung repair and regeneration.
