Skin and crust formation at mortar surfaces-mechanisms and influencing factors (Part 2)

Cementitious mortar layers have a high surface-volume ratio and their evolution is influenced by intrinsic formulation parameters and extrinsic environmental parameters. The latter often cause an early drying of the mortar surface while deeper mortar parts are still wet and soft. This dry surface is called skin and crust, respectively, when thinner than 0.1 mm and having a thickness of ∼0.5 mm. Investigation by a newly developed micro-rheology method allows to follow the buildup of a crust during the first hour after mortar application. The crust is growing in thickness and reaches a critical strength between 10 and 15 mN/mm2. When stronger, the crust will not break anymore during embedding of the tile. As a result, the tile is not properly wetted by fresh mortar and adhesion strength is below 0.5 MPa. According to EN1346 the tile adhesive has lost in this case its open time performance. Laser-scanning microscopy of hardened mortars containing cellulose ether, polyvinyl alcohol and redispersible polymer powders, which were stained by fluorecein-5-isothiocyanate isomer I, indicate that these organic additives can be enriched in a thin skin. Our observations reveal that additive enrichment as a mechanism to build up a 0.5 - 1.0 mm thick crust can be excluded. Conclusively, crusting is mainly driven by a drying front which first affects the surface and then retreats into the mortar. The study reveals a second mechanism which is limiting open time performance. Instead of forming a crust, a mortar rib can thicken uniformly across its entire volume. But when the mortar becomes stronger than 20 mN/mm2, then the tile embedding pressure is too low to press the combed mortar ribs completely and hollows remain in between the ribs.