How to deal with destroyed type material? The case of Embrik Strand (Arachnida: Araneae)

When the museums of Lübeck, Stuttgart, Tübingen and partly of Wiesbaden were destroyed during World War II between 1942
and 1945, also all or parts of their type material were destroyed, among them types from spider species described by Embrik Strand bet-
ween 1906 and 1917. He did not illustrate type material from 181 species and one subspecies and described them only in an insufficient
manner. These species were never recollected during more than 110 years and no additional taxonomically relevant information was
published in the arachnological literature. It is impossible to recognize them, so we declare these 181 species here as nomina dubia.
Four of these species belong to monotypic genera, two of them to a ditypic genus described by Strand in the context of the mentioned
species descriptions. Consequently, without including valid species, the five genera Carteroniella Strand, 1907, Eurypelmella Strand, 1907,
Theumella Strand, 1906, Thianella Strand, 1907 and Tmeticides Strand, 1907 are here also declared as nomina dubia. Palystes modificus
minor Strand, 1906 is a junior synonym of P. superciliosus L. Koch, 1875 syn. nov.