Catalog number	Site	Region	House or villa	Extent of excavation	Chronology of house or villa	Dating of water features	Description of water features	Reuse and statuary	Plan of reference	References	Geo coordinates
D.BR1	Coria / Corbridge, House at Corbridge	Britain	urban house	partially excavated	3rd century, destroyed in AD 296 (Phillips 1977, 32)	1) 3rd century (Phillips 1977, 32)	"1) freestanding fountain? 
rectangular water tank in which a sandstone statue of a lion standing over a stag lying on a curved base (L 95 cm; W 36 cm; H 87 cm) was found. The lion’s teeth were removed and a round hole was cut in his mouth to fit a pipe for use in a fountain."	A late 2nd/early 3rd-century funerary statue of local buff sandstone was altered for reuse as a fountain figure. Minimal traces of weathering led Phillips (1977, 32) to suggest that the lion statue may never have been used in a tomb and instead could have been taken from stock material and directly converted for fountain use.	No published plan.	"Phillips 1977, 31–32, no. 82, pl. 24
Murer 2020b, 196–197, note 667, fig. 80"	circa 54.97503953769131, -2.0360453770832247
D.HI1	Asturica Augusta / Astigi, Casa del Oscillum	Hispania	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 310 m2	late 1st-century AD foundation, peristyle area remodeled in the late 4th century (García-Dils 2015)	1) late 4th century (García-Dils 2015, 490)	"1) basin, N half of reduced peristyle, center
quadrilobe basin (L max. ext. 2.76 m, int. 2 m; W max. ext. 2.06 m, int. 1.39 m). The basin was built in opus caementicium covered with a thick layer of opus signinum and surrounded by a paving of white marble slabs. The house's namesake oscillum was found in the preparation bed of the large white marble slabs of the pavement surrounding the basin.

The basin's drain allowed the evacuation of water under the slabs of the cardo, directly into the gravel bed of the street, under which there was no sewer causing damage to the street over time (García-Dils, Ordóñez and Rodríguez Gutiérrez 2009, 535)."	An oscillum was reused in the preparation bed of the marble paving surrounding the basin.	Perich Roca 2014, 110, fig. 98	"García-Dils, Ordóñez and Rodríguez Gutiérrez 2009, 525, 535–536, fig. 8
Perich Roca 2014, 108–112, fig. 98
García-Dils 2015, 490
Ruiz-Bueno 2018, 269–270"	37.5411041441473, -5.079201693619412
D.HI2	Augusta Emerita / Mérida, Casa de la C / Calle Concordia, 1 	Hispania	urban house	not fully excavated or published, no known plan	3rd/4th century? (Corrales Alvarez 2014, 543–546, no. 11, casa I, 18 A)	1–2) ? 3rd/4th century (Corrales Alvarez 2014, 543–546, no. 11, casa I, 18 A)	"1) fountain built in elevation, peristyle, N side
semicircular masonry basin (N side: L 6.50 m, W 1.20 m; short side: L 4.60 where the exedra starts; E side: L 5.80 m, W 1 m). No more details are provided about the form of the upper part of the fountain. A drain was located 2 meters from the fountain, which was connected to #2.

2) open-water channel, peristyle, perimeter
30-cm-wide water channel that ran adjacent to the fountain. Palma (1997, 355) suggests that the channel continued around the perimeter of the central peristyle garden, in which brick channels were found."	None recorded.	No published plan.	"Molano 1989 [not accessible, report no. 31; find no. 01141–16]
Palma García 1997, 355
Corrales Alvarez 2014, 543–546, no. 11, casa I, 18 A"	38.92051323602334, -6.343719531642833
D.HI3	Augusta Emerita / Mérida, Casa de la Calle Viñeros, 7–12	Hispania	urban house	partly excavated, 1035 m2 exposed	3rd/4th century, later alterations including productive structures (Corrales Alvarez 2016, 1083)	1) 3rd/4th century (Corrales Alvarez 2016, 1083)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle, center
rectangular basin with a brick and mortar masonry structure with a large central exedra. From this exedra extend two lateral walls each punctuated by two smaller niches. At the central area an octagonal opening was documented, which may have served as a planter or as a base for sculpture (Chamizo 2006, 257). The structure was covered in opus signinum and its exterior was painted: the larger exedra featured two painted socles in black and red on the base, above which is represented a riverbank scene with plants with lanceolate leaves and two wading birds, probably facing each other. In the smaller niches, there are also two plinths in red and black with the representation of a bush.

Although not fully excavated, the larger, decorated exedra appears to face the entrance to the peristyle (Chamizo 2006, 255–257). The peristyle is completed by a channel of opus signinum, of which only its base and the start of the side walls remain."	The octagonal opening at the center may have supported a base for statuary.	Chamizo 2006, 259, fig. 19	"Palma 2005, 247–260
Chamizo 2006, 245, 253–257, figs 14–15, 18–19
Corrales Alvarez 2016, 1083–1089, no. 117, figs 889–893 [PhD]
Corrales Alvarez 2016, 608–615, no. 117, figs 738–745 [Catalog]"	38.91461450911195, -6.344354978326812
D.HI4	Augusta Emerita / Mérida, Casa de los Mármoles	Hispania	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 1060 m2	2nd-century house, peristyle renovated in the first half of the 4th century (Perich Roca and Gris Jeremias 2015, 177)	1) first half of the 4th century (Perich Roca and Gris Jeremias 2015, 177)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle courtyard, N sector of inner court
shallow octagonal basin; minimal traces of a pipe were found in an exedra that projected from the NW portico into the central courtyard, though the drainage point could not be identified. Perich Roca and Gris Jeremias (2015, 177) reconstruct a fountain in the rectangular portion of the exedra, which terminated in a raised apse surrounded by columns. The 4th-century renovation clad the entire peristyle in marble, except for the floors of the portico, which were in opus signinum.

Only the end of the supply pipe survives as well as a marble drainage channel towards the western end of the patio. A large marble wellhead is at the center of the court."	None recorded.	Alba Calzado 2004, 79, fig. 38	"Palma 1997, 353–354
Alba Calzado 1997, 285–316
Alba Calzado 2004, pl. V
Alba Calzado 2007, 168–173
Cleary 2013, 138–139, 224
Corrales Alvarez 2014, 328, no. 85
Perich Roca and Gris Jeremias 2015, 177, figs 2–6
Corrales Alvarez 2016, 235–237, 414–419, no. 85"	38.91785313927852, -6.349687081779562
D.HI5	Augusta Emerita / Mérida, Casa del Anfiteatro	Hispania	urban house	partially excavated, > 2500 m2 exposed	1st-century AD foundation, rebuilt and reorganized in the 3rd century, in use until the 5th century (Corrales Alzarez 2014, 333–334)	1) 3rd century (Corrales Alzarez 2014, 333–334)	"1) open water channel, peristyle, around N, S and E sides of inner court, with semicircular protrusion on its E side
U-shaped channel (W 65 cm, av. D 50 cm) that ran along three sides of the trapezoidal peristyle court. Straight along the N and S sides (L 13.8 m, 10.35 m respectively), the channel along the E side (L 12 m) featured a semicircular protrusion (radius 1.05 m), framed by two of the columns that were part of the peristyle colonnade, in its central section 
The semicircular protrusion projects W into the central garden space, facing 3.6-m-wide entrance to a reception hall the opposite side of the portico.
[Labeled a 'ninfeo' by García Sandoval 1966, 20 and Corrales Alzarez 2014, 334].

A well (diam. ext. 2.25 m, int. 90 cm) also stood on the E side of the inner peristyle, just adjacent to and slightly overlapping the curve of #1."	A marble female head was found in the well in the garden (García Sandoval 1966, LI).	Corrales Alvarez 2014, 100, fig. 44	"García Sandoval 1966, 20–21, 33, pls XVII, XVIII.2, XXVIII, XXXII, LI
Martínez Jiménez 2013, 184
Corrales Alzarez 2014, 333–334 [VI, M], no. 163"	38.91795152864985, -6.336167771821235
D.HI6	Augusta Emerita / Mérida, Casa del Teatro	Hispania	urban domus	partially excavated	Early Imperial foundation, with major reorganization in the late 3rd/4th century (Corrales Alzarez 2016, 915–918)	1) late 3rd/4th century (Corrales Alzarez 2016, 915–918)	"1) basin, court, off-center in NE sector
rectangular basin (L ext. c. 3.83 m, int. c. 3.19 m; W ext. c. 3.4 m, int. c. 2.98 m), which seems to have maintained the footprint of the impluvium from the 2nd-century phase, which explains its off-center position in the later enlarged court (c. 115 m2) (Mélida 1917, 7). The basin was lined on the inside with opus signinum, while its exterior was clad with marble and a small open channel bordered the structure on its N, S and W sides (Corrales Alzarez 2014, 339). Masonry pilasters substituted the original brick columns surrounding the impluvium (Durán Cabello 1991, 363). This feature is described as a possible rectangular 'ninfeo' in Baldini Lippolis 2001, 159-161.
The well in the E part of this structure may have been added in the late antique remodeling (Corrales Alzarez 2016, 917).

Balil (1976, 83) suggests that the N of the two adjacent apsidal spaces (40.9 m2), which contains niches and three windows may have been a 'ninfeo', but does not provide further argument."	None recorded.	Duran Cabello 1991, 361, fig. 2	"Mélida 1917, 7–11
Balil 1976, 83
Letzner 1990, 346, no. 153, fig. 55.2
Durán Cabello 1991, 363
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 159–161
Corrales Alzarez 2014, 339–340, 1384–1391, no. 177, fig. 152 [PhD]
Corrales Alzarez 2016, 915–918, no. 177, figs 1103–1105 [Catalog]"	38.91601412097685, -6.336254090497483
D.HI7	Barcino / Barcelona, Domus del Carrer Sant Honorat, 3	Hispania	urban house	partially excavated, c. 500 m2 exposed	4th-century foundation, with subsequent refurbishment, occupied into the 6th century (Florensa 2006)	"1, 3) 4th century
2, 4–5) subsequent (5th?) (Florensa 2006, 91–95)"	"1) basin, peristyle with inner viridarium on two levels (c. 100 m2), offset to NW (Florensa 24066)
rectangular basin (pres. dimensions 1.5 m x 1 m), 20/30-cm thick walls of stones bound with white lime mortar with an interior lined with hydraulic mortar. Cut by basin #2 to its SW.

2) basin, peristyle, offset to NW (Florensa 24065)
rectangular basin (3.5 m x 1 m) built in a subsequent phase, cutting basin #1 and remained intact until the 6th century (Florensa 2011, 95–97).

3) basin, peristyle, slightly offset to SE from center (Florensa 15039/24071)
basin apparently quadrangular in shape (1x1 m, although it is badly damaged by later constructions).

4) basin, peristyle court, W corner (Florensa 33058)
rectangular basin (2.80 x 0.80 m), appears to be fed by a canal (33075) integrated within the wall to its NW.

5) basin, peristyle court, W corner (Florensa 33070)
rectangular basin (2.80 x 0.80 m?, badly preserved, abuts the SE side of basin #4)

Fragments of pipes and drains were found in conjunction with basins #1 and #2 (Florensa 2011, 91–94).

Ada Cortés (2011, 50–52) hypothesizes that some of the basins communicated creating fountain effects and that a stibadium may have been used in the raised, marble-paved exedra space located between basins #2 and #3 along the NW side of the inner peristyle. However, the extensive disruption caused by the insertion of multiple medieval silos does not allow this hypothesis to be tested."	None recorded.	Perich Roca 2014, 81, fig. 72	"Florensa 2006, 91–97, 100–102, 231–234, plan 4293
Cortés 2011, 48–51
Perich Roca 2014, 80–83"	41.38277142038497, 2.1761999316273526
D.IT1	Ariminum / Rimini, Domus del Mercato Coperto	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, court  c. 14 m x 10 m	late 3rd century, 5th-century refurbishment (Maioli 1992, 58)	1) 5th century (Maioli 1992, 58)	"1) pool, court, off-center
rectangular pool (int. L 8.2 m; W c. 2.2 m) with apsidal extension at the center of its SW wall (max. W c. 3.9 m). While the court was mosaic-paved, no decor was recorded for the pool (Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012)."	None recorded.	Maioli 1992, pl. I.2.3	"Maioli 1992, 57–58, 71
Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminum 15
Fontemaggi 2016, 109–110"	44.06021026384665, 12.571229848468965
D.IT2	Ariminum / Rimini, Domus di Palazzo Gioia	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	built in the second half of the 2nd century, renovated in the early 5th century (Marsili 2013, 112)	"1–2) late 2nd century (Paolucci 2010)
3–4) early 5th century (Marsili 2013, 112)"	"1) basin, room to NE of the court
rectangular basin with four niches (L c. 5.5 m; max. W c. 3.3 m). Inherited from the previous building phase and probably not modified (Paolucci 2010).

2) basin, room to NE of the court, NE of #1
rectangular basin (L unknown, W c. 3.3 m), paved with bricks.

3) basin, court, off-center
apsidal basin (int. L 3.3 m; W c. 1.2 m; max. int. W c. 2.1 m), lined with marble.

4) pool, mosaic-paved hall?
pool (pres. L 5 m; W c. 4.5 m) of elongated format with at least one semicircular short end, less than 20 cm deep (Fontemaggi 2016, 93). Surrounded by intricate geometric pavements.

Below the late antique level of the courtyard were identified two basins paved with bricks, which can be dated to the late Republican or early Imperial period (Paolucci 2010)."	None recorded.	Maioli 1992, pl. 1.2.1.4	"Maioli 1987, 216–221
Maioli 1992, 61–67
Maioli 2009, 101–109
Paolucci 2010 (TESS, http://tess.beniculturali.unipd.it/web/scheda-stampa/?recid=9311)
Ghedini and Annibaletto 2012, Ariminum 7
Annibaletto 2012, 183, 197
Marsili 2013, 112
Fontemaggi 2016, 92–95"	44.06091746384341, 12.566794996841637
D.IT3	Ariminum / Rimini, Domus di Piazza Ferrari	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	early Imperial domus destroyed in the 3rd century, residential complex built over its SW end in the 5th century (Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminum 3)	1) first half of the 5th century (Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminum 3)	"1) fountain built in elevation, court, back wall
semicircular fountain hypothesized to have occupied the back wall of the central court facing the decumanus (Ortalli 2000, 176) on the basis of a curving water channel. Multiple drainage channels were identified, evacuating the water from the area of the fountain out towards the decumanus (Marsili 2013, 111)."	None recorded.	Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminum 3	"Ortalli 2000, 176
Ortalli 2003, 107–109
Negrelli 2006, 192–200, figs 4–8
Ortalli 2007
Negrelli 2008, 10–13, fig. 8
Ghedini and Annibaletto 2012, Ariminum 3
Marsili 2013, 109–112
Marano 2016, 122"	44.062836924473146, 12.569418846813726
D.IT4	Ariminum / Rimini, Palazzo Palloni	Italy	urban house	very partially excavated	late 1st-century BC foundation, renovation in 4th/early 5th century (Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminium 8)	1) 4th/early 5th century (Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminium 8)	"1) basin, court?
hemicyclic basin with indented corners. Unfortunately, the relationship with the surrounding space cannot be determined due to missing data; Annibaletto (2012, 184) suggests an uncovered area along one of the sides of which the basin almost sits."	None recorded.	Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminum 8a	"Maioli 1992, 58–59, 75–76, pl. I.2.5
Annibaletto 2012, 184
Annibaletto and Ghedini 2012, Ariminium 8"	44.06254964281245, 12.566087865176533
D.IT5	Ostia, Domus del Tempio Rotondo (I, 11, 2–3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 410 m2 	mid-3rd-century predecessor building, renovated in the mid/late 4th century (Danner 2017, 190–194)	1) mid/late 4th century (Danner 2017, 190–194)	"1) freestanding fountain, central court, center, aligned with the entrance to the main hall and visible from the house's entrance
quadrangular fountain basin (L 2.20 m, W 2.20 m, D c. 65 cm), recessed below the marble pavement of the court. Centered within the sunken basin is an x-shaped pedestal articulated with a semicircular niche in each side (straight side W 42 cm, niche W 37–39 cm, niche D 19–22 cm; max. pres. H 46 cm). Part of the white marble facing of the quadrangular basin and pedestal has survived; however, the overall state of preservation is such that the pedestal's original height cannot be ascertained. It also prevents understanding of the ancient water configuration of the cruciform pedestal fountain, which presumably overflowed into the sunken quadrangular basin below. A hole in the N side of the catch basin served for drainage.

In the NE corner of the house's W corridor, which flanks the central court, is a large well (diam. ext. 81 cm, int. 43 cm). The well is set against a wall partially blocking the minor entrance from the north, which served as a parapet and which was embellished with marble revetment, including multiple reused slabs. In its late antique phase, the well collected both rainwater and groundwater, as well as water from the fountain basin in the central court through a channel that runs underneath the hall."	A fragment of a fasti inscription was reused in the border of the fountain basin. Reused marble slabs were incorporated into the wall decor above the well, which appears to have been constructed on top of a preexisting (perhaps public) well.	Danner 2017, pl. 1	"GdS 20, 73
Calza 1932, 188
Becatti 1949, 3–5, 28–30, figs 1–2, 30
Calza et al. 1953, 152, 157, 237
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 27–28, no. 10, figs 18–19
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 35, no. 23, figs 47–48
Bianchi and Bruno 2004, 867–870, fig. 5
Pensabene 2007, 493–495, figs 240–241
Dessales 2013b, 374–375
Danner 2017, 190–194, no. 1"	41.753475, 12.288350
D.IT6	Ostia, Domus delle Gorgoni (I, 13, 6)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 380 m2	earliest structures date to the 1st and 2nd centuries, transformed into a small house at an unspecified late date, perhaps in the 4th century with late repairs (Danner 2017, 45, 195–198)	1) uncertain – 4th century? (Danner 2017, 45, 197)	"1) ground-level fountain, trapezoidal courtyard, off-center to NW
rectangular basin (L ext. 65 cm, int. 50.5 cm; W ext. 61 cm; int. 48.5 cm; D 40 cm; W slabs 5 cm). The basin was formed by four white marble slabs that were plastered on their inner faces with opus signinum. Water was supplied through a lead pipe in the basin bottom and expelled through a small hole in the NW corner onto the courtyard and across the sloping floor of the courtyard towards a channel in the NW."	None recorded.	Danner 2017, pl. 2	"GdS 26 (April 1940), 102
Becatti 1949, 5–6, 28–29
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 47–48, no. 37, figs 71–72
Danner 2017, 45, 105, 178, no. 2"	41.753065972223084, 12.2908528683949
D.IT7	Ostia, Domus di Amore e Psiche (I, 14, 5)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 300 m2	late 4th/early 5th-century domus built on top of 2nd-century commercial structures (Danner 2017, 199–202)	1–2) late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 199–202)	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden court, E wall
rectilinear fountain wall (L 10 m, W 8 m, preserved H 3.20 m), articulated in two horizontal registers constructed in opus listatum. The N side of the fountain is preserved to its full height, whereas much of the S side is missing; nonetheless, it is clear that the upper register features five alternating semicircular and rectangular niches. They are framed by arches that rest on travertine blocks that are supported by white marble columns with schematic capitals. A lead pipe tucked behind three sloping marble steps runs along the base of the niches and the column pedestals. In front of these marble steps is a shallow channel, which is hidden by the projecting lower register that is punctuated by five horseshoe-shaped recesses, the positions of which correspond to the niches above. 
Polychrome mosaic once decorated the arches and the soffits of the alternating niches, while the column bases and the lower part of the niches were revetted with a mix of white and gray marbles, with the exception of the central recess that was faced with cipollino slabs. The lower recesses were paved with assorted colored marble fragments. 
Water would have flowed from the lead pipe at the base of the upper niches down the stepped marble slabs into the channel. Small holes in the pipe would have spurted thin jets from the niches. The water was then channeled through terracotta pipes that run through the upper part of the projections between the lower recesses to spout from holes on the front facade, three of which remain visible today (diam. 7.2–8.5 cm). The water may have been expelled into a basin or basins below, which are no longer extant, or into the garden. Underneath the podium and extending its full width is a tile-covered drain.
No evidence for flooring has been identified in the court, so it is presumed that the space was an open-air garden. The court communicated through a series of four arches with the domus's central corridor, and would have provided the house's main source of daylight and air.

2) fountain built in elevation, hall, S wall 
semicircular fountain niche (W 2 m, radius 1 m, pres. H 2.20 m) set into the wall to the right of the entrance to the hall. The niche is not preserved to its full height, but it is evident that it has a tall, elongated form. A basin was sunken 12 cm below the level of the hall's floor, which was closed in front and revetted with colored marble as observed by Neuerberg (1965, 180–181). The hole where a non extant lead pipe once supplied the fountain spout at a height of 95 cm above the basin floor is still visible, as is the drainage hole.
The rounded exterior of the niche protruded into the court, projecting into the garden court's N wall to the left of the aedicular fountain wall."	The Luni marble bases of the columns framing #1 were mixed: two were reused (1st/2nd century) and two were of later date and not fully finished; the fifth, carved in cipollino, is semi-finished and perhaps contemporary with the domus (Pensabene 2007, 505). The eponymous statue group of Cupid and Psyche made of white marble (inv. no. 180; h c. 0.69 m) and a 3rd-century portrait of a boy (inv. no. 44; h c. 0.36 m) were found in the house, though Becatti does not specify their find spots.	Danner 2017, pl. 3	"Becatti 1949, 6–8, 28–32, 35–36, 41, 43, figs 4–6. 31–33a
Van Aken 1951, 89–91, fig. 3
Barbieri 1953, 180
Calza et al. 1953, 238
Neuerburg 1965, 179–181, no. 111–112, figs 163, 189
Packer 1967, 126–127, figs 7, 12, 19–25, 28
Galliazzo 1979, 77
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 285–287
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 197–199, no. III–IIIA, figs 345–349
Pensabene 2007, 445, 504–508, 625, figs 246–247
Shepherd et al. 2008, 93–97, figs 36–39
Danner 2017, 199–202, no. 3"	41.75411337656674, 12.286640433082113
D.IT8	Ostia, Domus di Apuleio (II, 8, 5)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 466 m2	early 2nd-century foundation, mid-2nd-century and late 2nd/early 3rd-century refurbishments, early 4th century (Pansini 2019, 163-167)	"1) late 3rd/4th century
2) 2nd century, late 3rd/4th century refurbishment (Pansini 2019, 167)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, central room, S wall
niche fountain (L ext. 1.70 m, int. 1.22 m; W ext. 1.91 m, int. 1.45 m, pres. H 2 m) built in brick with a high parapet (H ext. 1.40 m, int. 1.12 m). 
Due to its current state and restoration, we are reliant on Paschetto's description. Paschetto (1912, 423) describes the niche as decorated with enamel and shells with a shiny mineral blue color conserved in its interior. He also specifies that the arch framing the niche once rested on two small columns as attested by two round bases (no longer evident) that stood on the surface of the parapet, and that offset to one side of the niche was the lead pipe for the water supply. What remains visible today is the exit for the drainage pipe, made from the neck of an amphora, in the bottom left corner of the front face, and a drainage hole at the base of the E side wall.

2) ground-level fountain, atrium, centered on entrance axis
rectangular basin (L ext. 1.80 m, int. 1.70 m; W ext. 90 cm, int. 80 com; D 30 cm; H above floor 15 cm) recessed c. 15 cm below the level of the pavement. 8 cipollino columns (max H c. 2.4 m) on reused white marble bases surrounded the perimeter of the basin, the revetment of which was also replaced with mismatched white marble slabs. Though its form and location evoke a traditional impluvium, it was a functioning fountain basin with a piped supply.

A decorative circular drain cover is located just to the SE of #2. A fistula inscribed with the name L. APVLEI MARCELLI was found in situ just outside the entrance of the domus and was directed towards its interior (Gatti 1905, 84)."	The white marble column bases surrounding #2 and revetment slabs lining its basin were reused.	Pansini 2017, 182, fig. 3	"Lanciani 1886, 162–165
Gatti 1905, 84
Paschetto 1912, 421–423
Barbieri 1953, 259
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 207–208, 253, 257, no. VIII, figs 366–368
Pensabene 2007, 116, 118
Pansini 2017, 187, 189
Pansini 2018, 141–143, 162, 260
Pansini 2019, 158–159"	41.755765, 12.290800
D.IT9	Ostia, Domus di Marte e Venere (II, 9, 3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	2nd-century tabernae combined into a late 3rd/early 4th century house (Pavolini 1986, 286)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century, with updates in the late 4th/early 5th century (Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 210)	"1) fountain built in elevation, central hall, N apse
hemicyclic fountain (W 8.00 m; D 7.40 m) built in elevation, punctuated with a rectangular niche on each side (W 1.04 m; D 74; pres. restored H 83 cm (L) / 64 cm (R)) and a semicircular one (W 1.42 m; max. D 93 cm; pres. H 88 cm) at the center, each placed 0.90 m above the floor level. The upper register with the three niches was built in opus latericium, on top of which traces of plaster can still be observed. Scarse traces of metal clamps and marble revetment indicate that the opus listatum base of the apse was once faced with marble. Rectangular holes, which were once fountain jets, observed by Neuerberg (1965, 185) are no longer visible at the center of the niches close to the bottom, and circular cavities (diam. 10 cm) on the sides indicate where a pipe once ran through the wall, connecting the three niches. No indications for basins underneath the niches have survived; Finelli (GdS 16-31/08/1918) it is suggested that the apse was closed across the front by a 60-cm-high wall. A drainage hatch is preserved in the floor, which either connected to the small reservoir to the west of this central hall or to the sewage system. 

To the E of this central space is an elevated reception hall decorated with opus sectile; however, the water display would have barely been visible from the hall. The fountain was set into the N and larger of two facing apses that were added to the N and S sides of a preexisting rectangular hall (14.3 x 6.25 m) in the late 3rd/early 4th century."	Reused material was used in the opus sectile of the hall decor, which may have also been the case of the non extant fountain revetment. A reworked late Antonine statue group of a couple depicted as Venus and Mars, a headless statuette of a girl, three fragments of busts, and a 3rd-century male portrait head were found in the hall (Moretti 1920, 51–53; see Murer 2016, 181–185 with more details). While the findspots are not conclusive, the three niches most probably hosted marble statuary. 	Moretti 1920, 43, fig. 2	"GdS 8, 44–45, 136
GdS 16–31.08.1918 (Finelli)
Moretti 1920, 41–66, figs 1–2, 46, no. 1; 47, no. 5–6; 48, no. 8, 10–11
Calza et al. 1953, 156, 159
Neuerburg 1965, 47, 184–185, no. 119, fig. 68
Hermansen 1982, 78–79, fig. 26
Pavolini 1986, 286
Letzner 1990, 365, no. 86, fig. 69,1
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 209–211, no. X, figs 371–377
Pensabene 2007, 519–522, 577
Murer 2016, 181–185
Murer 2020b, 96, 105–106, 210, 279, cat. 28, fig. 28, pl. VII"	41.755105275787336, 12.290441684899427
D.IT10	Ostia, Domus dei Tigriniani (III, 1, 4)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	3rd-century structures were transformed into a large domus in the late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 207–208)	1–2) late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 207–208)	"1) fountain built in elevation, elongated room, W end
hemicyclic fountain built in elevation (W int. c. 3.2 m, D 2.5 m, max. pres. H 1.27 m), punctuated by three axially symmetrical niches. The outer wall of the exedra was constructed with conspicuous use of reused amphorae, pottery sherds, and building debris (Brenk 1998–99, 280). The central niche is semicircular (W 1.44 m, D 48 cm), whereas the ones on either side are rectangular (W 1.35 m (L) & 1.33 m (R), D 48 cm;  max. pres. H 1.16 m (L) & 1.30 m (R)). In the left niche, traces of a first decoration phase of painted wall plaster can be observed, whereas a second decoration phase of white and white-grey veined marble revetment is visible, which would have once faced the entirety of the wall of the apse and of the niches, covering the opus testaceum. The niches are connected by brick channels that cut through the wall segments in between the niches, c. 90 cm above the level of the floor (along the base of the niches). The water probably entered through the right niche. The catch basin at the bottom is no longer preserved. 

2) fountain built against wall, elongated room, S wall, opposite the four columns that separated the two adjacent apsidal spaces
semicircular fountain basin (W ext. 3.6 m, int. 2.8 m; radius ext. 3.6 m, int. 1.7 m) subdivided by a low wall, creating a 50-cm-wide rectangular channel in front. The preserved height of the front parapet is c. 56 cm; however, it is difficult to ascertain the floor height of the surrounding space. The interior lining of the rectangular basin preserves some white and white-grey veined slabs of Luni and Proconnesian marble, some fragments of which were identifiably reused. More detail is no longer possible to ascertain given its almost entirely overgrown state.

On the SW side of the apsidal hall, a pillar and a portico with four supports opened onto the elongated apsidal room to the SW. How and if this narrow space was covered remains uncertain; Danner 2017, 66–67 believes it was uncovered."	Marble slabs were reused for the interior facing of the small apsidal fountain (#2). Reused blocks were also used for the architrave with the inscription alluding to the rivers of Paradise. Two fragmented statues were found in or at least in the immediate vicinity of the domus: the torso of a female statue and another headless female statue (Danner 2017, 208).	Danner 2017, pl. 4	"GdS 24, 147 (24.8.1939)
Becatti 1949, 8, 31–32, 45, 50–52
Neuerburg 1965, 185–186, no. 120, fig. 67
Marrou 1978, 111–114
Meiggs 1973, 397–399, 474, 553
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 288–289
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 39–40, no. 24, figs 39–40
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 211–213, no. XI–XIA, figs 378–383
Gobbi 1998, 461–469, figs 1–2
Pensabene 1998, 29–32, figs 47–49
Brenk and Pensabene 1998–1999
Bauer 2003, 44, 49, fig. 15a
Pensabene 2007, 485–493, pls 130, 2–3
Pavolini 2011, 1040–1045
Danner 2017, 66–67, 98–99, 101–102, 165, 204–207, no. 4, fig. 26, pl. 4
Danner 2018a, 133–135, 137–138, 140–141, figs 5–6, 10
Locicero 2020, 69–73, 114–125, figs 3.19–21, 3.29, 3.60
Murer 2020b, 243–244, 280, fig. 90, cat. 30"	41.752877, 12.286318
D.IT11	Ostia, Domus sul Decumano (III, 2, 3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 400 m2	3rd-century foundation, renovations in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Danner 2017, 210–211)	1–2) late 3rd/early 4th century (Danner 2017, 211)	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden court at the rear of the domus, N wall, entire length, in direct view of the elevated reception room to the S
rectangular basin (L c. 4.8 m, W c. 91 cm,  H c. 77 cm). The interior of the brick basin was clad in opus signinum, while the exterior of the basin was faced with marble crustae in varying shades of gray with borders in pink breccia. Traces of iron clamps and a cornice fragment were recorded on the wall above, suggesting that it too was once revetted in marble; no niches were identifiable in the wall (however, it is possible that there once were above the preserved wall height). 
Neuerburg (1965, 186) mentions two marble-lined, horizontal spouts just underneath the coping on either end of the basin as well as a shallow marble channel running along the front of the basin. The floor inside the basin slopes towards the drainage hole at its center. The back wall preserves the hole through which water was piped into the fountain basin as well as a horizontal recess where a fistula would have supplied one or more fountain jets. Unfortunately, the fountain is now completely overgrown and cannot be assessed further.

2) basin, entrance, N wall, to the right of the domus's entrance from the decumanus 
sarcophagus, which was repurposed as a basin (L 2.24 m, W 85 cm, D 75 cm) set atop a brick base. The basin is in fragmentary condition, with large portions of its long sides missing; however, reliefs of putti are still visible on its E, S and W sides. Two holes carved into the back wall behind the sarcophagus where the water supply pipes would have passed are still visible, though no evidence for drainage has survived.

A channel within the domus's N wall appears to have connected the water supply for both the sarcophagus basin and the fountain in the garden court."	A sarcophagus (late Severan/early 3rd century) was reused as a basin.	Danner 2017, pl. 5	"GdS 28 (1938–1943), 33
Becatti 1949, 9–10, 28–29, figs 7–8
Calza et al. 1953, 125, 153–154, 158
Neuerburg 1965, 186, no. 121, fig. 183
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 289
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 100–101, 214–215, nos 94, XII, figs 168–169, 384–386
Tione 1999, 191, 196–197, figs 3, 7
Danner 2017, 100, 209–212, no. 5, fig. 46
Danner 2018a, 136
Murer 2020b, 104, 210, 280, 309, cat. 31, fig. 26, pl. V"	41.752562, 12.286297
D.IT12	Ostia, Domus del Ninfeo (III, 6, 1–3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 700 m2	late 4th-century domus built on top of 2nd-century insulae (Batty 2018)	1–2) late 4th century (Danner 2017, 216–217)	"1) fountain built in elevation, elongated court, NW wall
rectilinear fountain wall (W c. 10.46 m, pres. H c. 1.80 m) with seven niches and an elongated basin (ext. L 6.5 m, W 1.5 m, H 0.5 m) in front. Framed by a substantial brick pillar at each end, the upper register of the fountain is defined by a large central niche with two rectangular niches and one semicircular niche on either side. All seven niches are framed by brick arches that rest atop a 1-meter-high podium, as do the engaged brick semi-columns that decorate the wall sections between the niches. 
The elongated basin with curved ends sits in front of the articulated façade, but does not extend its full width (it does not reach the leftmost and two rightmost niches). Batty (2018, 84–85) observes that the basin was originally longer, extending to the penultimate niche from which water once also flowed, and was then reduced for unknown reasons. The fountain has been subject to extensive restoration, so it is difficult to ascertain whether the placement of the waterspouts is entirely accurate. 
In front of the four niches above the basin are eight alternating steps of cipollino and portasanta, which form scalette d'acqua over which water would have flowed into the basin below. The niches preserve traces of opus signinum, though the blue, red, and yellow colors that Becatti (1949, 11) and Neuerberg (1965, 187) observed are no longer visible. The basin is predominantly covered with white marble, and the podium below the central niches is faced with reused gray marble slabs, some of which are decorated with geometric incisions. The podium décor is crowned by a raised cipollino molding above which is an upper register of Luni and Proconnesian marble in between the scalette. A diamond pattern in opus sectile decorates the front face of the basin.
Supplying the water was once a lead pipe once ran along the top of the podium, through narrow holes (diam. 2–3 cm) underneath the semi-columns. The water supply was provided through two vertical channels in the podium underneath the leftmost niche and the penultimate to the right. 

2) freestanding fountain, elongated court, S end, facing a smaller reception hall and framed by its columnar entrance
small semicircular fountain (1.13 m x 60 cm), no longer preserved, except for its imprint in the pavement (Batty 2018, 87). Once revetted in white marble, the fountain was built at the boundary between the brick paving of the court (to the N) and the paving with reused marble in front of room i. Evidence of a fistula remains visible along the S side of the fountain. 

Connections have been identified between the domus and the ninfeo-serbatoio (III, 6, 4) along the Sullan wall. On the 3–4 basins that were added in the SW corner of the house to take advantage of the aqueduct branch as part of a working/production area (three more basins were connected directly to the ninfeo-serbatoio), see Batty 2018, 93–96."	Reused marble slabs were integrated into the facing of the aedicular fountain and especially its frontal basin, including a fragment of a board game.	Danner 2017, pl. 6	"GdS 45 (1972–1975)
Becatti 1949, 10–13, 28, 36, 38, 44, 48, figs 9–11, 34–40
Neuerburg 1965, 186–187, no. 122, fig. 171
Heres 1982, 472–476, fig. 83
Guidobaldi 1986, 226
Letzner 1990, 434–435, no. 307, pl. 116,1
Pavolini 1986, 255–259, 264–268, pls 1–2
Pensabene 2007, 445, 502–504, fig. 245, pl. 139, 4–9
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 289–290
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 120–122, no. 12
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 108, 216–218, figs 185–186, 387–390, no. XIII
Danner 2017, 66–69, 75, 98–102, 109, 213–217, no. 6, figs 25, 27
Pellegrino and Pompili 2017, 560–561, fig. 4
Batty 2018, 82–87, 97–99, 108–110, 183–185, 227, figs 81, 91–96, 106a–c, 118, 123, 152, 158, 162"	41.75144046086653, 12.284862514658814
D.IT13	Ostia, Edificio con opus sectile fuori Porta Marina (III, 7, 8)	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	1st- and 2nd-century structures, completely revamped in the late 4th century (Pavolini 2006, 176–178)	1) late 4th century, but never completed (Pavolini 2006, 176–178)	"1) pedestal fountain, porticoed courtyard
round basin (diam. ext. 1.55 m, int. 1.21 m; H c. 52 cm; D 14 cm) of roughly carved marble with a hole at its center for a fountain jet. It is set atop a cylindrical marble base (diam. 60 cm; H 52 cm), which may be a reused column shaft.

The 4th-century renovation of a 1st-century AD sea wall appears to have resulted in the installation of a pool in front of the opus sectile hall and along the side of the porticoed courtyard? (Becatti 1969, 67–68). Bianchi Bandinelli (1969, 405) hypothesized an artificial waterfall due to 1.5 m difference in height between the entrance and the wing with the opus sectile hall.

A round basin (diameter: ext. 1.23 m, int. 0.93 m, int. H 35 cm) roughly carved of white-gray veined marble was found overturned amongst the scattered crustae in the center of the beaten earth floor of the decorated aula."	The base of the pedestal fountain appears to be a reused column shaft. Numerous reused basin supports were found in the aula to be cut into opus sectile crustae.	Becatti 1969, pl. LXXXIV	"Becatti 1949, 37
Becatti 1969, 25, 66, pls XXIV, 1, 2; XXV, 1; XXXI, 1
Bianchi Bandinelli 1969, 405
Stern 1973
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 112, 220, no. 104, fig. 195
Brenk 1998, 533–537
Guidobaldi 2000, 259–262
Ambrogi 2005, 258, 278–279, 528, 541, nos. 61, 87
Pavolini 2006, 176–178
Pensabene 2007, 527–532
Pavolini 2019–2020, 246–247, note 84"	41.750151, 12.284758
D.IT14	Ostia, Domus accanto al Serapeo (III, 17, 3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 620 m2	2nd-century structures connected to the adjacent Serapeum, transformed into a house in the 4th century (Danner 2017, 226–227)	1) 4th century (Danner 2017, 226–227)	"1) basin, shallow court, N wall, on axis with the house's main reception room
projecting semicircular basin (ext. L 3.72 m, radius 1.86 m; int. L 3.20, radius 1.60 m, ext. H 0.70 m, int. H 0.43 m) in front of a rectilinear niched facade (L c. 9 m, pres. H 1.20–1.80 m). On either side of the basin are two niches (L 1/1.10 m, H 0.73–0.95 m) with segmental arches set into the wall. Windows perforated the walls above the arches and traces of red painted plaster survive on the sills, but it is unclear how the wall above the basin was decorated. Neuerberg (1965, 188) observed that the interior of the basin was once marble-lined, and the niches were plastered. Drainage holes are visible in front of and to one side of the basin, but the location of the water supply pipe is not identifiable."	None recorded.	Danner 2017, pl. 8	"GdS 30 [1951–1957], 10–16, 20, 24
Calza et al. 1953, 138–158, 236
Neuerburg 1965, 188, no. 125, fig. 174
Letzner 1990, 370–371, no. 198, fig. 76,2
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 291
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 219–221, no. XVI, figs 394–400
Mar 2001, 36–38, 50–55, 95, 123, 142, figs 4. 14–18. 36, pls 1, 5-6, 19 
Dessales 2013b, 359
Danner et al. 2013, 218–221, figs 1–4
Danner 2017, 65–66, 99, 102, 222–227, no. 8
Mulryan 2020, 292–293"	41.753257, 12.283847
D.IT15	Ostia, Caseggiato di Bacco e Arianna (III, 17, 5)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	late 3rd/early 4th century domus inserted into 2nd-century rooms attached to the Serapeum (Danner 2017, 231–234)	"1) 3rd century (or later)
2) late 3rd/early 4th century? (Danner 2017, 231–234)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, entrance, S wall
small aedicula (W c. 2 m) formed by two superimposed niches. The lower niche is formed by a squat hemisphere (H 0.9 m); its lower part was lined with marble slabs and preserves the remains of a front parapet, forming a semicircular basin. The upper niche is square in plan with no traces of marble or other decor. Roda (2001, 231–233, no. 6) convincingly attributes the white marble fountain figure of a reclining male figure holding a cornucopia and a bundle of reeds to this ensemble rather than to the basin (#2) to which it is traditionally associated (GdS 27 [1938–1942] 170). Water would have passed through the large hole at the base of the reclining figure placed in the upper part of the niche into the semicircular basin below.
The statue (W 122 cm, H 65 cm, D 26 cm, inv. 81) was found during excavations in 1939. A lead fistula and a bronze water tap (inv. 5511) were found in 1958 near the entrance to the domus (GdS 32, 53–54). Mar identifies the fountain statue as an image of the Nile in the context of the Serapeum (2001, 119–120), as opposed to R. Calza's interpretation as a personification of the Tiber.
According to Mar, the aedicula is attached to the back corner of an elevated water tank, which acted as a pressure regulator for the Serapeum's water supply; Mar (2001, 120) dates the water tank to the Antonine period and the adjoining fountain to the Severan period on the basis of the opus vittatum used, whereas Danner underlines the lack of proof for absolute dating and suggests the 3rd century or later.

2) basin, court, center
rectangular basin (L ext. 4.0 m, int. 3.20 m, W ext. 2.40 m, int. 1.40 m; pres. H ext. 30 cm, int. depth 50 cm; est. capacity: 4,480 liters) built in opus latericium. It was built on top of an earlier peristyle for which there is evidence for both the water supply pipe and the drainage channel."	An earlier (Hadrianic?) fountain statue of a reclining river god was probably reused in the 3rd-century fountain (#1). 	Danner 2017, pl. 9	"GdS 27 (1938–1942), 170
GdS 28 (1938–1943), 113
GdS 30 (1951–1957), 21, 24
GdS 32 (1956–1961), 34–54
Mar 2001, 112–114, 119–123, figs 41b, 48A–50 
Rodà 2001, 231–233, no. 6
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 122–123, no. 13, figs 184–186 (on the water tank)
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 128–129, no. 121, figs 225, 229–231
Dessales 2013b, 139, note 24
Danner 2017, 228–234, no. 9
Danner 2018a, 136"	41.753614521149906, 12.284128743316215
D.IT16	Ostia, Domus delle Colonne (IV, 3, 1)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 900 m2	3rd-century domus, reorganized and renovated in the late 3rd century and again in the late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 239–240)	1–2) late 4th century (Danner 2017, 239–240)	"1) fountain built in elevation, central court, off-center
double-sided niche fountain (L 7.50 m, W 2.15 m, pres. H c. 1.60 m). The plainer N face of the fountain facing the entrance consists of a squat plastered niche (H c. 2.11 m; W c. 1.62 m; D c. 70 cm), the bottom of which is closed by a 44-cm-high white marble slab perforated with two holes for overflow. Water would have flowed from two holes on the back wall of the niche (at heights of 76 and 87 cm, diameters 0.6–0.7 cm) into the semicircular basin at its base.
On the opposite side of the same masonry block is another niche (H c. 1.85 m; W c. 1.60 m; D c. 0.47 m) closed at its base to form a small semicircular basin, in front of which stands a lengthy rectangular basin (L 4.5 m, W 2.15 m, H ext. 0.40 m, D 0.50 m), both recessed below the level of the court paving. This S niche is faced with cipollino and white marble, and Neuerberg (1965, 189) observed that its half dome preserved signs of mosaic and shell decor. Two white marble columns stand on either side of the fountain niche on the ledge of the marble-lined pool. One column preserves its composite capital.
Two holes through which water would have spurted from lead pipes, perhaps via no longer extant decorative spigots, are also visible in the southern niche (at heights of 50 and 70 cm, with diameters of 0.5 cm). The water would have fallen into the semicircular basin set within the niche before passing through a small channel in the dividing wall with the rectangular basin extending to the south.
The more elaborate S side of the fountain aligns with the main reception hall at the back of the courtyard.

2) pedestal fountain, central court, SW corner
roughly carved, round portasanta marble basin (diam. ext. c. 95 cm, int. 70 cm; H c. 23 cm, thickness 7 cm) on a fluted and tapered base of white marble (base H 51 cm, total H 84 cm). Water would have spouted from the slightly off-center hole in the basin. The curved, fluted shaft of the pedestal, which Pensabene (2007, 496) hypothesizes was once a candelabra, is interrupted by a rounded molding and terminates with an egg and dart embellishment along its upper edge upon which the basin sits."	The interior of #1 was lined with reused white marble slabs, the right colonnette base was reused (as opposed to the left 4th-century base in pentellic marble). The pedestal of #2 was also reused. Four portraits and four ideal sculptures were unearthed during the excavation of the domus and its environs, though specific findspots were not recorded (GdS 26, 60, 148, 150, 154; GdS 28, 117).	Danner 2017, pl. 10	"GdS 26, 56–58, 60, 136, 142–156
GdS 29, 24–26
Becatti 1949, 15–18, 28–30, 44, 52, figs 14–16
Neuerburg 1965, 189, no. 126, figs 133–134
Heres 1982, 488–493
Letzner 1990, 480, no. 401
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 291
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 48–49, no. 34–35, figs 58–62
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 138, 222, no. 129, XVII, figs 246–247, 401–403
Pensabene 1998, 39–42, figs 59–65
Ambrogi 2005, 268–269, 535, no. 75
Pensabene 2007, 445, 453, 495–496, fig. 242, pls 135–136
DeLaine 2012, 346–348
Dessales 2013b, 367–374, fig. 183
Pavolini 2014b
Danner 2017, 235–242, no. 10
Murer 2020b, 281, cat. 35"	41.753023, 12.289356
D.IT17	Ostia, Domus dei Pesci (IV, 3, 3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 520 m2	late 3rd century with late 4th-century remodeling (Danner 2017, 245–248)	"1–2) late 3rd/early 4th century 
3) late 4th century (Danner 2017, 247–248)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, courtyard, N wall
shallow fountain niche (W c. 1.58 m, D c. 50 cm) set on a 85-cm-high podium. The upper part of the niche has not survived (pres. H c. 1.10 m, pres. wall H c. 2.20 m). In front of the niche stands a rectangular brick basin (W c. 2.37 m, D c. 2.62 m, pres. H c. 60 cm). The basin and podium were once faced in gray marble, almost all of which was reused. 

2) ground-level fountain, courtyard, along the N-S axis, aligned with the columnar entrance to the largest hall (to its E)
square basin (L 2.2 m, W 2.2 m, D 40 cm) sunken below the court's mosaic paving. Constructed of opus latericium, the basin is lined with white and polychrome marble slabs, some of which were reused, including a prominently exposed funerary inscription in the paving. At the basin's center is a 58-cm square base on top of which is a stepped pyramidal marble block (H pyramid c. 32 cm, H base 40 cm, only part is preserved). Water would have streamed from a hole at the apex of the hollow block, gently burbling as it ran down the eight carved steps into the basin below.

3) basin, courtyard, W wall, facing the rooms to the N of the court
semicircular basin (ext. W 4.50 m, int. W 3.90 m, ext. radius 2.90 m, int. 2.60 m, preserved D 30 cm). The basin floor is paved with a mix of polychrome marble slabs, one of which at the center featured a relief of a fish (or dolphin) (Becatti 1949, 20, 51). The basin set between two pilasters along the W side of the court and was laid directly on top of the late antique pavement of the previous phase. The basin clips the SW corner of the square basin, and a clay pipe inserted into this overlapping section connected the two. 

A small cistern was also inserted during the same renovation phase as #3."	Reused marble slabs were integrated into the revetment of the fountain niche and in the paving of the square basin, including a prominently exposed funerary inscription. An inscription was also reworked into a drain cover. Two portraits, a headless togate statue, and a statuette of fortuna were found in the house (Danner 2017, 248–249).	Danner 2017, pl. 11	"Becatti 1949, 18–20, 28–30, 43–45, 50–53, figs 17–19
Neuerburg 1965, 189, no. 127, fig. 125
Galliazzo 1979, 77
Pavolini 1986, 255–259, 261, 265, 268, 273, table 2
Andersson 1991, 548
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 291
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 125, figs 188–189
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 139 (no. 130), 222–223 (no. XVII), figs 248–249
Zevi et al. 2005, 21–48 
Pensabene 2007, 445, 500, fig. 210, pls 138, 2–3, 139, 1–3
Shepherd et al. 2008, 84–86
Bruno and Bianchi 2012
Dessales 2013b, 166, 214–216, 367–368, 371–373
Pavolini 2014b
Danner 2017, 243–249, no. 11
Murer 2020b, 103, 282, 308, cat. 36, fig. 25, pl. IV"	41.752872985920355, 12.289942716607348
D.IT18	Ostia, Domus su via della Caupona (IV, 3, 4)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 200 m2	3rd-century structures modified repeatedly in the 4th century (Danner 2017, 251–253)	1) 4th century (Danner 2017, 252)	"1) basin, corridor, S wall
semicircular niche (W c. 2.43 m), two elongated holes on either side indicate that it was once closed by a marble plate or something similar. The most probable explanation for such a closure is that the niche once served as a basin, according to Danner (personal communication, 30.06.2022). The presence of a lead pipe still in situ at foundation level under the facade of the house corroborates the existence of a water feature in the building. 

The interior of the smaller niche along the same wall preserves evidence of white marble slabs along its plinth and orthostats of white-grey veined marble slabs, but no traces of closure or water could be identified. Becatti (1949, 20–21) does not interpret either niche as a water feature, rather as statuary niches.

In addition, Danner speculates that a circular structure in the W part of the house, which was recorded in the excavators' plan, but is no longer visible, could have been a fountain (Danner 2017, 99).

Traces of a small streetside basin were identified between the entrance to the house and the street corner, which Ricciardi and Scrinari (1996, vol. 2, 140–141, figs. 251–252, no. 131) date to the 4th century."	Marble fragments were reused in the facing of the smaller niche and surrounding wall (Pensabene 2007, 499–500).	Danner 2017, pl. 12	"Becatti 1949, 21, fig. 20
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 140–141, no. 131, figs 251–252
Bianchi and Bruno 2004, 861–863
Pensabene 2007, 499–500
Danner 2017, 178, 199, 250–253, pl. 12
Danner 2018b, 465"	41.75291889956871, 12.28919392218177
D.IT19	Ostia, Ninfeo degli Eroti (IV, 4, 1)	Italy	fountain room attached to urban house	fully excavated, surface area c. 64 m2	late 4th/early 5th century (Pensabene 2007, 437)	1) late 4th/early 5th century (Pensabene 1973, 120-121, no. 456–460)	"1) enclosed fountain room with central pedestal fountain
roughly square enclosed fountain room (ext. c. 9 x 9 m, int. c. 8 m x 8 m, pres. wall H 2.8 m, entrance W 2.5 m). Built in opus latericium and opus listatum faced in reused white marble slabs, the room was probably spanned by vaults on the basis of the square piers built into the corners of the room (Schmölder-Veit 2010, 116). Aedicular niches feature in the centers of its rear and side walls, each flanked by a pair of colonnettes with schematic 4th-century Corinthian capitals resting on projecting corbels. In the two rectangular niches on the side walls were found statue replicas of the Lysippean Eros, and a pair of feet on a base probably belonging to a statue of Venus was unearthed in the central niche.
At the center of the room is a square basin (ext. 1.94 m x 1.94 m, int. 1.16 m; D 45 cm), lined with marble. A pedestal fountain stands within the basin: a fluted base (H 57 cm, inv. 1255) atop a square block (H 27 cm) of white Luni marble supports a round basin (diam. ext. 85 cm, int. 75 cm; H 24.5 cm) in giallo antico. Neuerberg (1965, 190) records that the original basin was stolen in WWII and the one currently in the Ninfeo degli Eroti is a replacement.
Though the original water arrangements are no longer visible, Ambrogi (2005, 265) thinks that water would have been supplied by a piped connection channeled along the outer edge of the pedestal before it emerged through a hole in the round basin and overflowed over the labrum's rim into the catch basin below. A drainage hole is visible in the square basin on the side closer to the cardo."	The fountain room was almost entirely revetted in reused marble slabs, including a sarcophagus fragment. The giallo antico basin and fluted pedestal were also reused. The statuary found in the space included two replicas of the Lysippean Eros, and a pair of feet on a base probably belonging to a statue of Venus.	Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 224, fig. 406	"Becatti 1949, 44
Calza et al. 1953, 158, 238
Neuerburg 1965, 45, 97, 190, no. 128, fig. 53
Pensabene 1973, 120–121, no. 456–460
Letzner 1990, 318, no. 95
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 292
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 224–226, no. XIX, figs 406–412
Pensabene 2000, 341–350
Brenk 2003, 42, note 252
Ambrogi 2005, 264–265, 532, no. 69
Pensabene 2007, 523–527
Schmölder-Veit 2010, 109–119, figs 37–38, pl. 24
Gering 2018, 127, 280, 316, 321, 358
Murer 2020b, 91, 276, 305, cat. 17, fig. 19, pl. I"	41.75331892976264, 12.289862680956634
D.IT20	Ostia, Domus della Nicchia a Mosaico (IV, 4, 2)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	1st-century BC construction, renovations in the 2nd and 4th centuries (Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 141–142)	1) 1st century BC, renovated and refaced in the 2nd and 4th centuries (Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 141–142)	"1) basin, atrium, center, along the house's central axis and visible from the entrance from the cardo
rectangular basin (L 1 m; W 75 cm) with smaller frontal basin on its NE side. Constructed of white marble slabs. The original impluvium was designed to collect rainwater probably into a cistern underneath and connected to the well in the back of the house. It is likely but remains uncertain whether it was connected to the piped water supply from the aqueduct in its late antique reconfiguration."	None recorded.	Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 142, fig. 254	"Calza et al. 1953, 107, 168, 238
Pensabene 2007, 14, 523
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 141–142, no. 131, figs 253–254"	41.75328507983814, 12.289007508656246
D.IT21	Ostia, Domus di Giove Fulminatore (IV, 4, 3)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	1st-century BC atrium house, peristyle added in the Augustan period, divided into two in the late 3rd century, refurbished again in the 4th c. (Lorenzatti 1998, 86)	1) 4th-century transformation of 1st-century BC impluvium into a fountain (Lorenzatti 1998, 86)	"1) ground-level fountain, center, atrium, along the house's central axis and visible from the entrance from the cardo
recessed basin, which retained the central rectangular footprint of the original 1st-century BC impluvium (L ext. c. 5 m, int. 4.08 m; W ext. 3.8 m, int. 2.8 m; pres. est. capacity 1,140 liters). Built in opus latericium, the basin is revetted in white and grey marble. Its perimeter is framed by marble slabs, around which a black and white geometric mosaic frame of triangles integrated the basin into the overall mosaic floor of the domus's atrium. Its floor slopes gently towards the NE where Lorenzatti (1998, 86) observed two holes for drainage. In its fountain phase, a hole at the center of the basin's floor created a water jet thanks to the connection of a lead fistula (diam. ext. 2 x 3 cm, int. 1 x 1.7 cm).

A white marble puteus slab with a central hole for a fistula is located just to the N of the fountain basin."	None recorded.	Lorenzatti 1998, 86, fig. 3	"Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 142–143, no. 132, figs 254–255
Lorenzatti 1998, 86, 98
Dessales 2013b, 117, note 2
Mainet 2018, 14–15"	41.75333660503629, 12.288900220299698
D.IT22	Ostia, Domus su via del Tempio Rotondo (IV, 4, 7)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated but inaccessible, ground floor surface area c. 750 m2	foundation in early 4th century on top of 2nd or 3rd-century structures (Guidobaldi 1995, 533–534)	1) early 4th century (Guidobaldi 1995, 533–534)	"1) fountain built in elevation, court, NW wall
rectilinear fountain wall (W c. 8.5 m) with two semicircular niches flanking a central rectangular niche, all set into the north wall of the courtyard. Below stood a T-shaped basin that also stretched the full expanse of the NW wall of the trapezoidal court and extended more than 3 meters into its center.
The domus remains only preliminarily investigated, barely published, and completely overgrown."	None recorded.	Guidobaldi 1995, 534, fig. 1	"Calza et al. 1953, 153
Guidobaldi 1995, 525–527, 533–534, fig. 1
Pavolini 2011, 1025, 1045
Gering 2018, 274–275, 282–283 (D3a)
Locicero and Sonneman 2020, 32, 34, figs 2.7, 2.10b"	41.752948, 12.287922
D.IT23	Ostia, Insula con Viridario (IV, 4, 9)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated but inaccessible due to overgrowth	built into the 1st-century structures of the peristyle of the Domus di Giove Fulminatore perhaps in the late 3rd/early 4th century, renovated in the late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 39, 44)	1) late 4th/early 5th century (Neuerburg 1965, 192)	"1) fountain built in elevation, court, SW wall
semicircular fountain niche (W ext. 1.25 m, int. 0.75 m, H c. 1.90 m, D 39 cm) with a long basin in front (L ext. 7.5 m, int. 6 m, W ext. 1.25 m, int. 0.75 m, H 62 cm, D 39 cm). The short side of the basin opposite the niche is concave with white and gray marble veneer. The niche was also faced with marble (interior: cipollino and green marble; antae: portasanta; podium and dividing wall between the niche basin and the long pool: cipollino), whereas its exterior was plastered with red stucco. The niche's half dome was covered in blue mosaic, traces of which were observed by Neuerberg (1965, 191). Its bottom border was in yellow glass, and traces of turquoise, orange, yellow, green, and black tesserae were noted by Sear (1977, 132, no. 145).
A 20-cm-wide hole for a supply pipe remains visible in the right side of the niche c. 1 m above ground level. A 1.13-m-long fragment of lead fistula with the stamp AEGRILES was recorded as having been found in situ along the right wall of the fountain, GdS 32, 74–75 (22.1.1959). A drainage hole is preserved at ground level."	None recorded, though likely given the mix of marbles in the facing of the fountain.	Calza et al. 1953, 1:500 plan	"GdS 32, 74–75 (22.1.1959)
Neuerburg 1965, 62, 191–192, no. 130, fig. 124
Sear 1977, 132, no. 145
Letzner 1990, 494, no. 418, fig. 154,1
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 292
Scrinari and Ricciardi 1996, vol. 2, 227–228, no. XXI, figs 415–416
Schmölder-Veit 2009, 104, note 197"	41.752850, 12.288863
D.IT24	Ostia, Schola del Traiano (IV, 5, 15)	Italy	urban house	c. 24,000 m2 excavated	late 3rd/early 4th-century transformation of a Severan complex into a luxurious domus, abandoned in the mid-5th century (Morard 2018, 180–183)	"1–2) early 3rd century
3) late 3rd/early 4th century (Wastiau, Dienst, and Morard 2020, 46–51)"	"1 & 2) fountains built in elevation, exedra-shaped vestibule on the decumanus, along S back wall, to E and W of the entrance into the complex
two tall fountain niches (W 2.3 m, max. D 1.08 m, H 4.32 m), one on either side of the doorway into the central peristyle of the complex. Holes indicate where the two lateral concave niches were equipped with water jets at a height of c. 1.2 m, which probably flowed into no longer extant basins at their bases. A cistern that was connected to the piped supply is located just to the E of the E fountain niche.

3) pool, peristyle, center
oval pool (L 8–9 m, W c. 3–3.5 m) with a smaller rectangular basin attached to the S end (L 1.8 m, W 1.25 m).
In the latest phase, the old excavation plans indicate a reduced water feature in place of the monumental pool belonging to the Severan-era complex; however, almost no evidence for this phase was found during the recent excavations. It is likely that all remains were destroyed during the 1939 restoration. Traces of a lead pipe were identified at the center of the peristyle, which can probably be associated with the later, smaller pool.

A basin located underneath the steps in the NW of the complex and an unidentified structure in the N end of the peristyle garden may also have been connected to the piped supply in the late antique domus (personal communication with S. Dienst 19.8.2021)."	None recorded.	Wastiau, Dienst, and Morard 2020, 48, fig. 4	"Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 127–128, no. 17–17A, figs 194–198
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 153–154, 229–230, no. 142–144, XXIII, figs 274–279, 419–422
Morard and Wavelet 2002, 765–768, 774–776, 795–797, 801–802, 808–812, figs 18–19 
Bukowiecki, Dessales, and Dubouloz 2003
Pensabene 2007, 436–437
Bocherens 2012, 16
Morard 2018, 180–193
Wastiau, Dienst, and Morard 2020, 46–51, figs 4, 6"	41.75256047109315, 12.286674322177435
D.IT25	Ostia, Domus del Protiro (V, 2, 4–5)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 800 m2	mid-3rd-century construction, renovations in the 4th century (Boersma 1985, 192–195)	"1) mid-3rd-century construction, embellishment and large E & W basins added in the 4th century 
2) mid-3rd century (Boersma 1985, 86, 91)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, between the entrance corridor and central court, aligned with the house's main axis
double-sided fountain (pres. wall H c. 3 m). On the E side facing the court, the fountain wall is straight with rectangular niches, which are embellished with marble colonnettes supporting entablatures and lunettes. Occupying the entire W side of the central courtyard, the fountain is fronted by a rectangular basin (L ext. 7.4 m, int. 6.40 m; W ext. 1.10 m, int. 70 cm; basin wall H c. 50 cm), which replaced the original arrangement of two small rectangular basins under the two niches (Boersma 1985, 87). Boersma (1985, 86) observes that the basin and the niches were originally plastered before they were embellished with marble revetment and architectural elements in a subsequent phase (4th century). At the base of these niches, which are back to back with those on the other side, are holes for a water spout. Neuerberg (1965, 194) mentions an imprint of a pipe in the wall in between the niches. Drains are present at both ends of the basin. 
On the W side facing the entrance, two lateral concave niches are joined by 1.20-m-high wall. Below is a semicircular basin (L ext. 5.40 m, int. 4.60 m, W ext. c. 2.20 m, int. 1.20 m, H c. 75 cm) with a slightly bowed front wall and parapet. The basin's interior walls are plastered and its exterior and floor lined with marble. Holes for pipes are still visible at the sides of the niches, but cannot be discerned in the niche fronts due to restoration and thus remain uncertain, as does the design of the wall between the two niches.
The E side is best viewed from the main reception hall (framed by two columns in antis) to the east, whereas the opposite W side of the fountain provides a dramatic backdrop to the entrance vestibule. 

2) basin, courtyard, center, aligned with the house's main axis
elongated basin with curved eastern end (L ext. 5 m, int. 4.70 m; W ext. 1.40 m, int. 1.10 m; pres. wall H c. 25 cm, D c. 20 cm), revetted in marble. This basin was constructed on top of an earlier underground room containing a well."	A funerary inscription and a public inscription were each reused as drain covers in close proximity to the water features. Four ideal statues, a statuette, and three portraits were found in the domus, including a headless statue of Artemis and a statue of Apollo unearthed between the courtyard and the hall (Danner 2017, 264).	Danner 2017, pl. 14	"Becatti 1949, 21–23, 28, 43–44, 50
Neuerburg 1965, 193–194, no. 134, figs 105, 184
Heres 1982, 530–541
Boersma 1985, 11–25, 72–104, 192–195, 240–294, 304–376, figs 5–22
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 293
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 57, no. 45, fig. 82
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 232–233, no. XXVI, figs 426–429
Pensabene 2007, 514–519, 625
Dessales 2013b, 369–374, figs 185–186
Danner 2017, 44, 65, 99, 101–102, 170–171, 257–264, no. 14, fig. 49
Van Aken 1951, 90
Locicero 2020, 224–231, figs 5.23–30
Murer 2020b, 101–102, 215, 283, 307, cat. 38, fig. 24, pl. III"	41.753753, 12.290750
D.IT26	Ostia, Domus della Fortuna Annonaria (V, 2, 8)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 750 m2	2nd-century foundation, renovated in the 3rd and late 4th/early 5th century (Danner 2017, 265–275)	"1) late 4th/early 5th century
2) early Imperial, refaced in the 3rd/4th century (Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 169–170)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, hall, S wall
rectilinear fountain wall (L 6.6 m, H c. 2.50 m) with four alternating rectangular and semicircular niches. Below is a long rectangular basin (L ext. 6.60 m, int. 5.40 m; W ext. 80 cm, int. 60 cm; H 88 cm; D c. 80 cm), the interior of which is plastered. Projecting corbels interspersed between the niches indicate that they were once framed by colonnettes, which may have supported gables or architraves as suggested by Becatti (1949, 24). The front of the basin and the fountain façade are faced in marble. Raissa Calza observed traces of mosaic within the upper parts of the niches when first excavated, but no traces can be verified (Sear 1977, 133, note 149).
The two semicircular niches have vertical cut outs in their back walls, which provided light and ventilation for the small latrine on the opposite side of the fountain wall. Directly behind that wall is a basin, which supplied the small latrine with water from the fountain, as well as the cavity for the nonextant lead pipe (recess L c. 3.8 m, H 13 cm, av. D 13 cm) that once fed the ensemble through holes in the bottoms of the niches. A shallow overflow channel with a drainage hole runs along the front of the fountain basin.

2) basin, court, offset towards S wall and centered along it
rectangular basin (3.10 x 5.40 m as recorded by Becatti) with a drainage outlet in its NE corner. Poorly preserved and overgrown to the extent that its measurements are not able to be confirmed (visible in photo B 2834 taken just after excavation)."	Reused marble slabs were found within and integrated into the fountain revetment and in the floor and walls of the surrounding hall. The wellhead may have been a repurposed funerary altar. Within the basin, a bust of a bearded young man and statuettes of Silvanus and a seated woman were found, in addition to a crouching Venus just in front of the basin. See Murer 2022, figs 3–4 for a plan of all of the known findspots in the domus and images of the statuary.	Danner 2017, pl. 15	"GdS 25 (1938–1939), 48–86; GdS 26 (1939–1940), 18–20, 24–26, 32; GdS 28 (1938–1943), 41, 49, 51–61; GdS 29 (1941–1950), 36
Becatti 1949, 23–25, 27, 33–34, 38, 42–48, figs 23–25, 50
Neuerburg 1965, 194–195, no. 135, fig. 165
Meiggs 1973, 90, 145, 254, 433. 548, pls 14a, 37c
Pensabene 1973, 122, pl. XLVI, no. 466–467
Sear 1977, 133, note 149
Boersma 1985, 47–58, 138–160, 198, 408–426, figs 50–63, 141–156 
Pavolini 1986, 255, 262–268, 273, 276, figs 3–4, pls 1–2
Letzner 1990, 344–346, no. 152, fig. 55.1
Bruno and Pensabene 1996, 293
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 58, no. 46, figs 83–84
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 169–170, 234, nos 158, XXVII, figs 304, 430–433
Pensabene 2007, 445, 508–512, figs 248–252
Danner 2017, 74, 98–105, 265–275, no. 15, fig. 50
Murer 2020b, 97–101, 119–122, 215–216, 240–241, 283, 315–318, cat. 39, figs 22, 87, table 6, pls XI–XIV
Murer 2022, 156, figs 3–4"	41.75399808319067, 12.290612147690304
D.IT27	Ostia, Domus degli Augustali (V, 7, 1–2)	Italy	urban house	fully excavated	2nd-century collegial seat transformed into a domus in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Danner 2017, 284–285)	"1) 2nd century, redecorated in the late 3rd/early 4th century  (Danner 2017, 284–285)
[or as a new element belonging to the renovation in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 177)]"	"1) freestanding fountain, central courtyard, center
oblong pool with concave shorter ends (L ext. 10 m; int. 8.50 m, 6.80 m in the middle; W ext. 3.40 m; int. 2.80 m; H 66 cm; D 98 cm) oriented north-south along the central axis of the courtyard. It was built in opus latericium and once revetted in marble, most of which has not survived. A fountain figure of a reclining nymph holding an urn (H 44 cm; L 1 m, inv. 1106) was found in the NE corner of the pool. Murer (2016, 184–189) suggests that it once was a nereid of a klinê sarcophagus lid before it was repurposed. In a 2022 photographic campaign, Marcel Danner identified traces of seven small holes pierced into the sculpted drapery underneath the nymph, which he interprets as a reworking of an earlier fountain statue to add additional fountain jets for the 4th-century domus (Danner, personal communication 28.06.2022)."	A reclining nymph (perhaps a nereid from a sarcophagus lid) was reused as a fountain figure (inv. 1106). Two portraits, seven ideal sculptures, two statuettes, and three fragments of sarcophagi were found in the domus (Murer 2020b, table 4).	Danner 2017, pl. 17	"GdS 25 (1938–1939), 124, 126–128, 130–132, 134
GdS 26, 14, 22, 33–34, 92, 154
GdS 28 (1938–1943), 95, 97, 99, 109
De Chirico 1941
NSc 1941, 196 (Calza)
NSc 1941, 245–246, fig. 19 (De Chirico)
Becatti 1949, 47
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 1, 60, no. 49, figs 89–90
Ricciardi and Scrinari 1996, vol. 2, 177, no. 166, figs 321–322
Laird 2000, 62–64
Murer 2016, 184–189, figs 5, 7
Danner 2017, 31, 44, 64, 98, 109–116, 150–151, 284–285, no. 17
Murer 2020b, 104–105, 210, 284, 310, no. 41, fig. 27, pl. VI
Danner and Bazzechi 2023, 318, 324–325, fig. 19"	41.754888277375095, 12.290876169865419
D.IT28	Ostia, Domus, Tabernae, Horrea V, 12, 2	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, late layers dismantled in early 20th century	4th-century house built into preexisting tabernae belonging to an out-of-use horrea (Murer 2020a, 153)	1) 4th century (Murer 2020a, 153–154)	"1) basin, room 6, S wall
rectangular basin (L 1.37 m, W 40 cm, D 36 cm) made from a repurposed child-sized sarcophagus depicting Meleager (inv. 101). The excavation report only mentions that the basin was found installed against the S wall without any description of a base, and unfortunately this cannot be checked due to the context's obliteration during and after the excavation (Murer 2020a, 154).
Vaglieri (1909b, 86) observes that a hole was carved in the middle of the front side (at its least thick point), which was probably used for drainage. A drain made of nested amphorae was installed into the opus spicatum floor at the same time that it was repaired with fragments of marble slabs (Vaglieri 1909b, 84). A fistula and drainage channel were found in the rooms directly to the east of room 6, indicating that the basin was probably equipped with running water."	A small early Antonine sarcophagus (c. AD 160) featuring a relief of Meleager was reused as basin (Murer 2020a).	Murer 2020a, 158, fig. 2	"Vaglieri 1909b, 84–86, 122, fig. 3
Vaglieri 1914, 149, n. 4
Paschetto 1912, 354, figs 54, 99
Murer 2020a
Murer 2020b, 90, 210, cat. 14, fig. 18"	41.755807, 12.292532
D.IT29	Portus, Domus accanto alla Basilica paleocristiana	Italy	urban house	very partially excavated	early 4th-century domus built within preexisting, probably commercial structures, domus partly built over in the late 4th century (Paroli 2004, 263)	1) early 4th century, abandoned in the late 7th century when fill began to accumulate (Paroli 2004, 263)	"1) fountain built in elevation, its domestic context cannot be specified further since the sondage did not extend beyond the rear of the fountain
semicircular fountain (W ext. 6 m, int. 3.08 m; D ext. 4.5 m, int. 1.83 m; max. pres. H 1.30 m) with 7 niches in front of which stood a rectangular basin, the dimensions of which were not able to be ascertained from its traces in the mortar (Violante and Sebastiani 2015, 188, 190–191). Each of the two sides of the hemicycle's front face featured a semicircular niche that was once framed with an aedicula resting on reused corbels (Paroli 1993b, 232, note 2). Five niches–three semicircular alternating with two rectangular–perforate the inner curve of the fountain at a height of c. 1 m above ground level. Both the fountain and the basin were revetted in white and polychrome marbles, some of which were reused. The marble paving of the semicircular basin within the hemicycle remains almost entirely intact. No mention of pipes or a water apparatus appears in the literature, nor could be located on site."	Reused marble crustae and decorative corbels (ranging in date from the 1st to the 4th centuries) were used in the facing and aediculae respectively.	Paroli 1993, 233, fig. 1	"Coccia 1993, 181–182
Coccia and Paroli 1993, 179–180, figs 4, 7
Paroli 1993b, 231–233, figs 1–2
Paroli 2004, 254, 258–263, fig. 8
Violante and Sebastiani 2015, 187–196"	circa 41.775585, 12.255477
D.IT30	Ravenna, Domus dei Tappeti di Pietra	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	1st/2nd-century domestic structures, on top of which were built two 3rd/4th century houses and baths, combined across the street in the 5th century with further alterations in the early 6th century	1) late 5th/early 6th century (Baldini in Montevecchi et al. 2004, 76)	"1) ground-level fountain, court/garden
octagonal fountain basin in masonry, only the traces of which are preserved. A sewer was constructed ex novo to evacuate the water from the fountain (Montevecchi et al 2004, 80).

The interconnected rooms 7 and 8 were interpreted by Maoli et al. 2008, 39 as a nymphaeum; however, the published evidence does not seem sufficient to support this hypothesis, and the two rooms have also been interpreted as cubicula (Baldini Lippolis 2004, 76–77). Room 7 was paved in cocciopesto, which perhaps served as the base for a marble revetment. Room 8 (4.80 x 3 m) was paved in opus sectile and was previously interpreted as the basin of a nymphaeum (Baldini Lippolis 2001, 261), for which 7 would have served as a water tank."	None recorded.	Baldini Lippolis 2001, 260	"Manzelli 2000, 66–71
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 259–261
Baldini 2004, 76–77, 80, fig. 174
Maioli et al. 2008, 39
Annibaletto 2012, 186
Bolzani and Montevecchi 2012, 672–673
Maréchal 2020, 279–280, no. 18"	44.41908081930194, 12.195106388482547
D.IT31	Ravenna, Palazzo di Teoderico	Italy	urban imperial palace	extensively excavated	early 5th-century foundation (on top of earlier domestic structures), rebuilt and expanded under Theodoric and subsequently (Augenti 2006)	1) According to Baldini Lippolis (2001, 253), the octagonal fountain belongs to the early 5th-century phase, whereas Augenti (2007) argues that it was added sometime between the late 6th and 10th centuries.	"1) freestanding fountain, porticoed court, center, on axis with the entrance to the large apsidal hall
octagonal fountain (c. L 4.6 m, W 3.45 m) on a quadrilateral base, crossed obliquely by a pipe and equipped with a drain. Maioli (1988, 84) suggests that, given the type of base and the pipe at its center, it is possible that it was pyramidal, with a central jet and water cascading down the walls.

Augenti (2007, 432, note 30) suggests that two semicircular structures facing one another identified in the southern end of the peristyle should be identified as fountains dating to a 4th-century phase (based on stylistic comparisons)."	None recorded.	Augenti 2007, 446, fig. 14	"Ghirardini 1918, 742–743
Maioli 1988, 82, 84–85
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 253–258
Augenti 2005, 20–22, figs 12–14
Augenti 2007, 432, 443–445, 448, note 30, fig. 13"	44.416240347750964, 12.204816086632766
D.IT32	Rome, Complesso delle Terme di Elagabolo	Italy	urban reception complex (domus?)	fully excavated	complex built in the first half of the 4th century on top of Severan commercial structures, refurbished in the 5th century (Cante and Saguì 2015, 52, 61)	"1–2) first half of the 4th century (on earlier structures)
3) first half of the 4th century, refurbished in the 5th century (Cante and Saguì 2015, 52, 61)"	"1) fountain built against wall, courtyard, E side (opposite stibadium), framed by a colonnaded portico
semicircular fountain (diam. c. 4.4 m; radius c. 1.8 m) in opus listatum covered in hydraulic cocciopesto and revetted in polychrome marble slabs. Cante and Sagui (2015, 60–61) observe that although the walls have been heavily restored, it seems to be possible to identify a previous structure with a quadrangular profile (already with this function?), which then was made semicircular after the plugging of the inner corners.

2) ground-level fountain, court, center
T-shaped fountain with three basins: the preexisting basin along the longitudinal axis of the court that was slightly reduced in width with the construction of a new wall close to the one on the S side, perpendicular to a large rectangular basin (later divided into two basins) (Cante and Sagui 2015, 61). In the NE corner of the smaller basin was a semicircular wall with two steps, which would have create a small cascade effect. At the intersection of the two larger rectangular basins was a square basin (c. 1.8 x 1.8 m) featuring a small ornamental structure (diam. c. 70 cm) of octagonal plan. Lined with marble.

3) water-equipped stibadium, cenatio, W exedra
masonry stibadium (W c. 4.5 m; pres. H 45 cm) set inside a large semicircular exedra (W almost 6 m) built ex novo in opus vittatum mixtum and lined with marble. The couch was covered with cocciopesto and marble-lined. A sigma-shaped basin (L c. 1 m, W c. 1 m, max. D 45 cm) is located at the center of the stibadium. Traces of a fistula run E-W across the central basin; an elliptical impression at the center suggests a T-junction, perhaps for a vertical pipe to create a jet. A channel with a triangular section runs through the couch E-W into a small, shallow basin at the center of the corridor between the stibadium and the apse behind it (Caratelli 2013, 97–98).

4) water mirror flooding effect, cenatio, center
The paving of the rectangular area in front of the stibadium is at a lower level (c. 20 cm) than that of the apse, leading to the hypothesis that water overflowed from the central basin into this area, creating a 'water mirror' when running (Cante and Saguì 2015, 94). For the evacuation, five outlets connected to pipes that join the sewer are arranged underneath the pavement of the central zone. 
Together with two lateral exedrae, the stibadium alcove formed a triconch cenatio. Underneath the rectangular area in front of the stibadium is an underground well dated back to the archaic period."	The assemblage of Severan sculptures found buried were probably still on display in the late antique complex (Papini 2018). The stibadium was built of reused bricks, and reused marble slabs were used in the pavement of the late 4th/5th century phase.	Saguì, Cante, and Quondam 2014, 217, fig. 4	"Rosa 1873, 80–82
Neuerburg 1965, 218–219, no. 171
Saguì 2009, 262–268, figs 24–25
Giovanetti 2013
Caratelli 2013, 101–112, figs 1–8
Saguì, Cante, and Quondam 2014, 216–223, figs 4–6
Saguì and Cante 2015, 60–63, figs 34, 50–51, 54
Panella 2018, 146–147
Papini 2018
Morvillez 2019, 203–205, note 40"	41.89036037212894, 12.49010491263558
D.IT33	Rome, Complesso sotto via del Teatro di Marcello	Italy	urban residential complex	partially excavated	2nd-century foundation, renovations in the Severan period and in the second half of the 4th century (Colini 1980–81, 3–26)	1) Severan construction, redecorated in the second half of the 4th century with the fresco of Perseus and Andromeda (Colini 1980–81, 3–26)	"1) fountain built in elevation, adjacent or part of a balneum of a private residence
rectilinear niche transformed into a fountain built in elevation through the insertion of a rectangular basin (L c. 2 m; W c. 60 cm) in opus listatum covered with cocciopesto. The walls were articulated by five semicircular niches (three on the back wall, one on either side wall) were originally framed by colonettes on corbels. The central niche on the rear wall was wider than the ones on either side. Above, the lunette preserved at least three layers of frescoes, the latest of which, dating to the 4th century, depicted the myth of Perseus and Andromeda (Chini 1999, 23). Painted imitation marble was also found in the vertical sections of some of the niches."	None recorded.	Mielsch 1976, 54, fig. 5	"Becatti 1949, 38–39
Mielsch 1976, 53–57, fig. 5, pls XXXI–XXXIII
Colini 1980–81, 3–26
Letzner 1990, 355, no. 170, fig. 61
Chini 1999, 18–23
Milella 2004, 215–216, note 57"	circa 41.892747396304735, 12.480452784714009
D.IT34	Rome, Domus ai Baullari	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	late 3rd/early 4th century construction, with subsequent renovation in the second half of the 4th century (or later) when basin #2 was added (Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 18–25)	"1) early 4th century? 
2) 2nd half of the 4th century (or later) 
(Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 18–25)"	"1) pedestal fountain, peristyle
quadrangular base, perhaps pertaining to a small fountain (no. 7 on the plan). It is probable that the circular basin (a fragment of which today rests on a block of travertine in front of the present entrance of the crypt) can be connected to this base. However, its pedestal that left a circular trace on the pavement is missing (Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 18, fig. 8).

2) pedestal fountain, peristyle, along S ambulatory, outer side of partition
rectangular basin pieced together from reused cipollino fragments with iron brackets; white marble table supports (trapezofori) were repurposed as the base for the basin. Its installation obliterated the mid-4th-century fresco with the marsh scene. When the basin was installed, a channel was cut into the floor of the uncovered area and lined with marble slabs. The channel conveyed the drainage water of the basin into a conduit (created in the first construction phase for rainwater drainage) under the original floor. A curb covered with cocciopesto was added to protect the frescoes from humidity and stagnant water (Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 23)."	Fountain #2 was pieced together from reused cipollino fragments; white marble table supports (trapezofori) were repurposed to support the basin. Many reused marble elements were inserted into the surrounding pavement for repairs and in the drainage channel.	Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 19, fig. 7	"Mielsch 1976, 49–52, pls XXV–XXX
Cimino and Le Pera 1997, 18–25, figs 4, 7–8
Morvillez 2007b, 318"	41.89701159770557, 12.473141240392241
D.IT35	Rome, Domus degli Artemii	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	late 4th-century house built on top of preexisting structures of an earlier insula (Montalbano and Avagliano 2014, 61)	1) late 4th century (Montalbano and Avagliano 2014, 61)	"1) fountain built in elevation, open-air corridor L, E wall
rectilinear wall into which nine arched niches, unevenly alternating four rectangular and five semicircular (W 65 cm, H 1.65 m), were set at a height of 1.1 m above floor level. A tenth niche was set into the corridor's short S end. The niches were spaced 42 cm apart from one another, leaving space for marble corbels that once would have supported colonnettes. No traces of a basin were found below but the corridor's walls and floor were plastered in opus signinum. 
Underneath each niche was a circular bronze spout attached to a lead pipe that was found inside of the wall. An 11.5-m-long segment of the fistula found in situ preserved multiple repetitions of the stamp (dvorvm) Flaviorvum artemiorvm de rg. VII (AE 1917–1918, 26, no. 113).

Corridor L (L 18.20, W 1.88 m) must almost certainly have been uncovered and used as an air and light well for the adjacent rooms, which were connected to it through openings that were not detected at the time of the excavation because of the insufficient conservation quota of the elevations (Meneghini 1999, 234). The narrow width of the corridor could suggest that the interior layout was successively altered, but the excavators did not identify later phases nor did they justify the dating to the late 4th century in their short report."	None recorded.	Meneghini 1999, 231, fig. 2	"Gatti 1917, 14–15, figs 4–6, plan
AE 1917–1918, 26, no. 113
Neuerburg 1965, 215–216, no. 166
Letzner 1990, 319, no. 97, fig. 35.2
Meneghini 1999, 233–234, fig. 2
Montalbano and Avagliano 2014, 60–61
Montalbano 2017, 38"	41.90272816896767, 12.481625370495749
D.IT36	Rome, Domus dei Symmachi	Italy	urban house	very partially excavated, estimated as > 8000 m2	late 2nd/early 3rd-century foundation, renovated in the mid-4th century, including the rebuilding of the apsidal hall (Carignani 2000, 149–151)	"1, 4) late 2nd/early 3rd-century 
2-3) ? mid-4th century (Carignani 2000, 149–151; Machado 2019, 245)"	"1) basin, to the E of the entrance
triangular basin, made of travertine slabs.

2) basin, vestibule, SW end
curved triangular basin (Pavolini et al. 1993, 487).

3) basin, vestibule, SE end
curved triangular basin. Symmetrical to #2 on the other side of the S entrance to the vestibule. 

4) pool, west court, center
rectangular pool (L 13 m; W 8 m), paved with white mosaic.

The construction of the vestibule was not part of the original house, it was built before the late antique phase, when #2 and #3 were built on each side of the doorway (Machado 2019, 245)."	None recorded (in relation to the water features).	Pavolini et al. 1993, 486–487, fig. 17	"Spinola 1992, 966–969
Pavolini et al. 1993, 483–502
Carignani 2000, 149–151
Morvillez 2007b, 178–180
Machado 2019, 244–245"	circa 41.88606761195601, 12.49801293470308
D.IT37	Rome, Domus dei Valerii	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, estimated expanse of 10,000 m2	foundation in the Antonine period, luxuriously renovated in the 4th century (Pavolini 2000, 147)	1) 4th century (Pavolini 2000, 147)	"1) freestanding fountain, unclear context due to obstruction by modern building
rectangular fountain with a circular basin in the middle (diam. 1.60 m). Built in opus latericium, both the floor and walls were covered with marble. A hole for the jet of water was found in the round basin, from which departed three channels that emptied into a straight channel that formed the perimeter of the fountain. A large lead pipe was found under the paving; several smaller pipes that were welded to it extended in various directions, seemingly intended to produce multiple jets of water (Gatti 1902, 159). 

fountain built in elevation?
Near #1 was found a wall (D), the N side of which was covered by limestone incrustations, produced by water cascading down the wall. No further details were given.

Multiple fountains and gardens are mentioned in the LTUR, but only one fountain is described by Gatti and identifiable on the plans by Gatti and by Colini (in LTUR)."	Three herms were found in situ in the intercolumniations of one of the house's porticoes, and two busts of Lucius Verus and a statue of Cupid and Psyche were found during early excavations in a space that would appear to belong to this domus (Sterling 2005, 166–167).	Pavolini 1994–1995, 83, fig. 11	"Gatti 1902, 159
NSc 1902, 268, 356, 463, 509
Gatti 1903, 59, 62
Guidobaldi 1986, 186–188, 213, fig. 21c
Pavolini 1994–1995, 83
Guidobaldi 1995[a/b?], 207, fig. 66
Pavolini 2000, 147
Barbera, Palladino, and Paterna 2005
Stirling 2005, 26–27, 166–167, 225
Barbera, Palladino, and Paterna 2008, 82
Carandini and Carafa 2012 I, 350
Machado 2019, 248–250, 259, figs 7.4, 7.7"	circa 41.88673169927725, 12.50195651450849
D.IT38	Rome, Domus della Fontana	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, 176 m2 exposed	founded in the first half of the 4th century, destroyed in the early 5th century for the Honorian expansion of the Aurelian wall (Borgia et al. 2008, 31)	1) 4th century (Borgia et al. 2008, 31)	"1) fountain built against wall, court, E end
semicircular fountain (ext. W c. 2 m; int. W c. 1.2 m; radius c. 80 cm) built in brick and lined with white and grey marble slabs."	None recorded.	Barbera 2010, 108, fig. 13	"Coates-Stephens 2005–2006, 489, fig. 16
Borgia, Colli, Palladino and Paterna 2008, 28–31
Barbera 2010, 106–108, figs 12–13
Gautier di Confiengo and Santucci 2020, 93, note 46"	circa 41.88860134474664, 12.516015661193556
D.IT39	Rome, Domus delle Sette Sale	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, c. 2500 m2	2nd-century houses built on top of the massive cistern that supplied the Terme di Traiano on the Colle Oppio, replaced by a grander residence in the 1st quarter of the 4th century that underwent subsequent refurbishment (Benfante 2021, 331, notes 10–11)	1–2) after the first quarter of the 4th century (Benfante 2021, 331, 336, note 14, 39)	"1) fountain built in elevation, narrow open-air courtyard, S side
shallow semicircular basin (max. ext. W c. 18 m; max. int. W c. 10.6 m; radius c. 2.6 m) in opus vittatum above which a curved wall extended. A rectangular buttress extending from the center of the rear curved wall joined the outer wall of the adjacent apsidal hall. Despite the preservation of the walls at a very low height, the presence of five pilasters interspersed irregularly along the inner curved wall of the basin indicates that it was once articulated with niches that have not been preserved. Decorated with white marble revetment, the basin occupied the long inner side (18.40 m.) of a space that opened onto a narrow open-air courtyard articulated with a row of columns (Cozza 1974–75, 100). Benfante (2021, 327) suggests that the irregular spacing of the pilasters (decreasing spaces between them towards the outer sides) was calculated to give the flattened curve more depth and improve the perspective and proportion in relation to the courtyard and corridor.

2) basin, between hexagonal and apsidal halls
semicircular basin (max. W c. 3 m; radius c. 1.2 m) (Cozza 1974–75, 100).

A small circular room (diam. c. 4.2 m) of unidentified function was related to water given the intersection of fistulae under its floor, the presence of a well lined with cocciopesto, and its access immediately to the left/south of the fountain (Cozza 1974/75, 100)."	Fragments of five life-size sculptures in Carrara marble (Hercules, Satyr with Dionysos, Helios, Poseidon, and Zeus) and assorted bases were found nearby cut to pieces and reused as building material in a medieval wall; these statues from the Esquiline group may have adorned this or one of the other rich, late antique residences on the Esquiline hill (Moltesen 1990, 133–146). Fragments of other figures, including Jupiter, Pluto, Aesculapius, Cybele, Minerva Parthenos, as well as bacchic vases, fountains, wellheads, candelabras, figures of animals, bas-reliefs and other carvings were also found in the vicinity (Lanciani 1899, 42).	Volpe 2000, 159, fig. 1	"Lanciani 1899, 42
Cozza 1974–75, 99–101, figs 15, 20
Guidobaldi 1986, 167–171, 213, fig. 2
de Fine Licht 1990, 83–86, 102, fig. 107
Moltesen 1990, 133–146, figs 1–16
Kiilerich and Torp 1994, 307–314, pls 55–58
Moltesen 2000, 128–129
Volpe 2000, 159–160
Caruso 2010, 239, fig. 13
Hannestad 2012, fig. 2
Vorster 2012–13, 400–403
Corsi and Carboni 2013, 161–162
Gallocchio 2014, 279–280, fig. 4
Machado 2019, 239–241, fig. 7.3
Benfante 2021, 327–337, figs 1–5"	41.89273169386643, 12.499533951634723
D.IT40	Rome, Domus in via Carlo Alberto	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	3rd/4th century (Neuerburg 1965, 208, no. 152)	1) 3rd/4th century (Neuerburg 1965, 208, no. 152)	"1) fountain built in elevation, court, corner
rectilinear fountain built in elevation with four niches in a row above a basin. It is only known from Lanciani's notes that included a plan and elevation (Lanciani, Vat. Lat. 13034, f. 71). The basin is set against a wall to its right, while to the left it abuts a projecting brick pillar. The two outer niches were rectangular with arched tops and framed their two central semicircular counterparts, in between which once stood colonnettes supported by pro­jecting corbels. It seems that a second row of niches once stood above those preserved; however, only the lower part of the leftmost niche has survived (Neuerburg 1960, 408). "	None recorded.	No published plan.	"Lanciani, Vat. Lat. 13034, f. 71
Neuerburg 1965, 208, no. 152
Letzner 1990, 443, no. 324"	circa 41.89710699997733, 12.500774176662343
D.IT41	Rome, Domus in via dei Maroniti	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	late 3rd/early 4th century domus on top of 2nd/3rd-century structures, renovation in the 4th century (Montalbano 2017, 36–37; Pisani Sartorio 2017, 39)	"1) late 3rd/early 4th century, expanded in the 4th century
(Pisani Sartorio 2017, 27–28, 39)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, space 15 (edificio B1), W wall 
rectangular basin (L. c. 12.31 m; W c. 77 cm).  A parapet in opus testaceum delimited the opus signinum-paved basin to the E, which was decorated on the side facing room 15 with marble revetment. The top of the marble-lined parapet wall supported columns and featured statuary, as attested by a statue base with part of the feet and a strut as well as column bases found still in situ. Lissi-Caronna (1985, 362) mentions that the basin was expanded in a later alteration, and 2 small signinum-lined spaces were added onto the adjacent street forming a street-facing facade fountain according to Pisani Sartorio (2017, 27–28).

At a similarly late date, a public rectangular fountain basin was built of four thick travertine slabs on the street just in front of #1 (Lissi Caronna 1985, 360–363). Machado (2012, 143, note 29) observed the presence of a fountain in the courtyard of the house to the east; however, no other information was provided."	Headless statues of Fortuna, Artemis, and a group of two figures represented as Mars and Venus were found in the vicinity. For a summary of the marble statuary and architectural elements found (c. 195 pieces), see Pisani Sartorio 2017, 34–37.	Lissi-Caronna 1985, 361, fig. 1	"Mariani 1901, 170–172, fig. 4
Lissi Caronna 1985, 360–363, fig. 1
Lissi Caronna 1995, 105–106, fig. 34
Lissi Caronna 2006, 163–166
Machado 2012, 143, note 29, fig. 6.2
Coarelli 2014, 309–311
Murer 2016, 183–184, note 33
Montalbano 2017, 36–38, note 96
Pisani Sartorio 2017, 26–28, 34–40, figs 3–4, 16–27, 30"	circa 41.90419743902387, 12.485573582016723
D.IT42	Rome, Domus in via Giovanni Lanza	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	mid-2nd-century house, refurbished in the early 4th century (Zeggio 2000, 301)	1) early 4th century (Lanciani 1884a, 153–154)	"1) fountain built in elevation, attached to a structure identified as a bibliotheca (Lanciani 1884, 153), but facing the opposite direction
semicircular fountain (max W c. 9 m; max. D c. 5 m) built in opus vittatum and punctuated by seven semicircular niches. Attached to the semicircular wall were 2 lateral wings, each with one niche (Lanciani 1884, 153). A semicircular basin followed the curve of the fountain's central hemicycle. To the left was a niche (diam. 7 m) with opus sectile pavement inside which was set a basin, which Neuerburg (1965, 203) suggests was perhaps was once mirrored by a similar structure on the right, which would have formed a triconch structure. A channel, encrusted with marble, would have collected water gushing from the niche in the middle. The channel intended for the drainage of the overflow, is covered with reused marble architectural fragments, thresholds, and lintels (Lanciani 1884a, 153). All around the structure ran an architraved cornice of Luni marble, supported by modillions carved with olive leaves. Three modillions still remained in place at the time of excavation. Water was ejected through bronze spouts in the form of animal heads crowned with ivy (one panther found in situ, two more panthers and one wolf were also found in the vicinity)."	"Marble elements and inscriptions were reused in the opus sectile paving and in the revetment of the fountain. A high-quality marble statuette of an erote (pres. H 68 cm) was found in situ in the fountain, and another headless statuette of a woman, with tunic and mantle, lacking in attributes, H 1.30 m was found nearby (Lanciani 1884a, 153). 
The difference in styles between the bronze animal head spouts suggests that at least one of the panthers (Inv. 2146) may have been reused versus others made in the 4th century to approximately match (e.g., inv. 2154)."	Lanciani 1884, pl. V	"Lanciani 1884a, 153–154, 189–190, 392
Lanciani 1884b, 48–49, 262, II, no. 1, pls IV–V
Neuerburg 1965, 56, 203, no. 147, fig. 101
Guidobaldi 1986, 194–198, 213, 217, figs 29–32
Talamo 1986, 165–170, figs 7–10
Letzner 1990, 254, 399–400, figs 95.1, 96
Zeggio 2000, 300–302, fig. 5
Morvillez 2004b, 52, fig. 5
Violante and Sebastiani 2015, 191, note 34
Carboni and Maréchal 2018"	circa 41.894785702927706, 12.499677338308443
D.IT43	Rome, Domus presso il Vicus Iugarius	Italy	urban house	very partially excavated (only this room set into the lower S slope of the Capitoline)	earlier structures transformed into a late 3rd/early 4th-century domus, painted decor added in the 4th/5th century (Danti 2016, 187)	1) late 3rd/early 4th-century fountain built in elevation on top of earlier basin, painted decor subsequently added (Colini 1980–1982, 13)	"1) fountain built against wall, unknown domestic context
quadrangular room (26.8 x 26.4 m) with windows and equipped with a lengthy, marble-lined rectangular basin (L c. 23.7 m) along its rear wall that communicated with a parallel deep basin (D 1.9 m) on the opposite side of a dividing wall on top of which a channel containing a fistula that continued through the adjacent pillars (Colini 1980–1982, 5). The fountain was built on top of a basin belonging to an earlier phase (ibid., 13, fig. 4). Towards the top of the basin walls, 1.34 m above its floor, a horizontal listel was inserted between the slabs, seemingly as a level marker. The lateral recesses also contained rectangular basins, all of which were intercommunicating. Unfortunately, the marble was spoliated, and the fountain room dismantled after its discovery in the 1940s. 
On the rear wall was a large niche adorned with a painted head of the goddess Roma crowned by a blue nimbus and a helmet with triple white crest, probably seated on a throne. The painted panel (W c. 2.67 m; H c. 2.50 m) began from the structure containing the fistula of the fountain, which functioned as a base, up to the base of the vault (ibid., 13). 
The room's left side wall panel preserved painted traces of the lower parts of two female figures with richly ornamented clothes processing towards the central figure of the goddess Rome. Traces of tall plants suggest a natural landscape on a white background. A white limewash was found atop the frescoes at the time of excavation, perhaps applied to hide the pagan program (Del Moro 2000, 432).
The only surviving evidence of this fountain is the documentation by Colini at the time of its discovery in 1943 and the pencil drawings and watercolors by the painter Lucilio Cartocci (Danti 2016, 187)."	None recorded.	Colini 1980–1982, 7, fig. 3	"Colini 1980–1982, 5–13, 26, figs 2–6, pl. I
Del Moro 2000, 429–432, no. 4–11
Milella 2004, 215–216, note 57
McFadden 2007, 221–223, figs 5.28–31
Englen et al. 2014, 220
Danti 2016, 184, 187"	circa 41.89244233190508, 12.481110386384318
D.IT44	Rome, Domus presso la Rinascente	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, c. 670 m2 exposed	late 2nd/3rd-century domus, late 3rd-century renovation, 4th–5th century expansion and embellishment, abandonment in late 6th century (Baumgartner 2017, 44)	"1) 4th century
2-6) late 4th/early 5th century (Baumgartner 2017, 44, 50)"	"1) fountain built against wall, apse 14, W side (connected to hall 13)
semicircular basin (diam. c. 5.28 m) set into a semicircular structure (max. diam. 6.4 m) with a central buttress projecting towards the W. The E side of the basin was delimited by a straight low parapet wall and faced hall 13.
The basin was fed by one or more water jets with water supplied from the balneum across the street that passed through a conduit underneath hall 24c and in the service room 15 reaching the buttress of the basin. The evacuation outlet was located at the N end of the basin and connected with the sewer to the W (Saviane 2017, 109–110).

2) water-equipped stibadium, 4a, N end
semicircular masonry couch (diam. 4.6 m; max. L of each half c. 3.66 m; radius c. 1.7 m; H 60 cm) built in 2 separate halves with a trapezoidal gap in between, which was once probably bridged by marble slabs (Saviane 2017, 111). Built in opus listatum with a fill of building materials and sand. A semicircular cavity on its front S side indicates the presence of a probably round basin (Saviane 2017, 113). The couch was constructed in opus listatum directly on top of the hall's opus sectile pavement. The couch was revetted with marble, which was also used to connect the 2 parts of the couch (Morvillez 2019, 200), whereas the rear N side of the couch was faced in painted plaster. 
Stemming from the baths across the street, water passed through a lead supply pipe between the two parts of the stibadium, then into the two recessed rectangular basins (#3 & #4) in the dining hall. Water from the couch's round basin drained into the terracotta overflow channel found along the room's central axis. 

3) basin, reception hall 4a, S of the stibadium, W side
recessed rectangular basin (L c. 4.4 m, W c. 2.4 m, D 15 cm), the floor of which was at the level of the preexisting pavement that was refurbished during the renovation of 4a (Saviane 2017, 111). The opus sectile pavement is much less preserved that in its E counterpart. A hole in the floor probably served for evacuation, whereas in its SE corner, a trench caused by spoliation suggests the former presence of a lead fistula (Saviane 2017, 113, note 26).

4) basin, reception hall 4a, S of the stibadium, E side
recessed rectangular basin (L 4.4 m, W 2.18 m, D 15 cm), the floor of which was at the level of the preexisting pavement that was refurbished during the renovation of hall 4a. The opus sectile included a mix of quadrangular marble slabs, which were mostly light in color.

5) basin, reception hall 4a, NW corner
rectangular basin (L 1.20 m, W 60 cm, D 30 cm) recessed into the floor just in front of the threshold to room 7. The walls of the basin were lined with white marble and took advantage of the preexisting chessboard marble pavement, but its function in the corner of the reception hall remains uncertain (Saviane 2017, fig. 11; Morvillez 2019, 200).

6) open water channel, garden 12, along back wall of W portico
elongated rectangular basin (L pres. channel c. 5.7 m; W c. 60 cm) built with reused marble slabs. Probably supplied by an extension of the pipe that served #1 (Saviane 2017, 113)."	Reused marble slabs lined #6. Architectural and statuary fragments, including a life-size statue of a reclining river personification, a larger than lifesize bust with a clamys, a colossal peperino statue, and a marble togate herm, were found along this stretch of the Via del Tritone in the 19th and early 20th centuries (Saviane 2017, 122, note 64, citing CAR, no. 67–68).	Saviane 2017, 114, fig. 12	"Baumgartner 2017, 40, 44, 47, 50, figs 1–2, 4, 8, 16
Buonaguro and Rinaldi 2017, 136–137
Saviane 2017, 106–114, 120–122, 136–137, figs 2, 7–12
Baumgartner and Saviane 2018
Morvillez 2019, 199–201, figs 7–10"	41.90291465181098, 12.48526036964623
D.IT45	Rome, Domus sotto l'Ospedale di San Giovanni in Laterano	Italy	urban house	partially excavated, estimated property size c. 1 hectare	late 1st/early 2nd-century garden estate with semicircular nymphaeum; transformed into a domus in the early 4th century (Ravasi 2020)	1) early 4th century (Ravasi 2020)	"1) pool, peristyle, along central axis, offset to NW
lengthy oval pool (L c. 8 m; W c. 2 m) covered with marble veneer. Scrinari (1995, 208) mentions a ""fontanella"" on the pool's N side and an overflow channel along its S side that drained into an underground reservoir. 
Found within the pool was a base of concrete (L 3.8 m; W 1.8 m), which may have supported an equestrian statue. Multiple fistulae and drains were found in its surroundings.

A semicircular nymphaeum dating to the second half of the 1st/early 2nd century was dismantled in the early 4th century to make space for the insertion of the new domus with large porticoed court."	A 2nd-century relief of a procession of Vestals was found in the fill of the pool. Ravasi suggests that it belonged to the lower floor or the attic of the portico surrounding the court in which the pool is located, though it may have formed part of the decor of the late antique pool.	Scrinari 1995, pl. XXIIIa	"Colini 1944
Neuerburg 1965, 55, 209, no. 155
Scrinari 1969, 167–189
Letzner 1990, 468, no. 376, fig. 133.1
Scrinari 1995, 206–209, pl. XXIIIa
Ravasi Oxford AADG talk 12.6.2020, Elite housing on the Eastern Caelian in Rome: reassessing the architecture of the domus under the Ospedale di San Giovanni
Ravasi BSR lecture 06.11.2021, Elite housing and the transformation of Rome's eastern Caelian in the first-fourth centuries"	41.886771, 12.503706
D.IT46	Rome, Domus sotto Palazzo Spada	Italy	urban house	partially excavated (only 10 x 11 m apsidal hall and part of an adjacent garden)	late 4th century, abandoned in the late 5th century (Acampora and Baumgartner 2018, 23–28)	1) late 4th century (Acampora and Baumgartner 2018, 25–36)	"1) fountain built against wall, apsidal hall with extensive opus sectile, SW side wall
semicircular fountain (diam. 2 m; radius c. 1.1 m), its sides were decorated with stucco pilasters. Running across the front of the basin was a marble channel through which water was collected via a lead fistula found still in situ. In the neighboring pavement were found two travertine drainage covers with a transenna design and traces of an opus spicatum pavement belonging to the phase preceding the hall."	Reused travertine drainage covers were preserved in the adjacent opus sectile pavement.	Filippi 2013, 139, fig. 3	"Filippi 2013, 139, figs 3–4
Acampora and Baumgartner 2018, 23–28, figs 1, 4–5"	41.89589242462891, 12.47149734963759
D.IT47	Rome, Domus sotto SS. Giovanni e Paolo	Italy	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 500 m2	two early Imperial insulae with tabernae and the street in between them were transformed into a domus in the late 3rd/early 4th century, late 4th-century transformation into a Christian basilica (Palazzo and Pavolini 2014, 189)	1–2) late 3rd/early 4th century (Palazzo and Pavolini 2014, 189)	"1) fountain built in elevation, internal courtyard (vicolo-cortile), W wall, visible from reception hall 7, though it did not directly face the hall's entrance
fountain built in elevation against W wall (W c. 3.33 m); the original basin that presumably spanned the full width of the fountain is no longer extant, and a later drainage arrangement is in place instead. Set within the projecting lower wall, four alternating semicircular and rectangular niches remain visible, which were once framed by colonnettes; De Vos (2014, 214) observes that a fifth (rectangular) niche was eliminated by the construction of the red-painted structure in front (niches: pres. H 14 cm, W 30–33 cm, D 30–35 cm, lined with cipollino). Water would have flowed over miniature marble steps (one set of which is visible), before landing in the basin below. The brick wall immediately above the niches preserves many holes from the now lost marble revetment. The wall's upper area (W 5 c; H 3 m) is adorned with frescoes illustrating a marine megalografia set on a deep blue background, the scenes of which have been the subject of a number of interpretations, including representations of Venus and Bacchus, Proserpina, or allusions to Baia. The loss of most of the decoration on the other parts of the fountain unfortunately does not allow for definitive conclusions. The off-center, red-painted structure in front was perhaps added subsequently to hide a well or, as de Vos (2014, 215) posits, it might have been a necessary solution to supply the fountain using an elevated lead water tank.

2) fountain built in elevation, internal courtyard, E side of N wall, aligned with the entrance to a reception hall
four fountain niches (W c. 1.9 m) also can be found along the N wall of the same, once contiguous court as #1; however, they are much less visible due to the subsequent insertion of the right wall of the nave of the basilica. The opus mixtum wall that supports the fountain niches originally delimited the vicolo from the insula, both of which were incorporated into the late antique domus.
Frescoes imitating polychrome marble as well as figurative scene of the Eucharist, which are only preserved in a very fragmentary state, also adorned the upper wall above the fountain niches (Andreoli 2014, 231–234, figs. 1–2;
Palazzo 2014, 154, figs. 10–11; Palazzo and Pavolini 2014, 194, 280, pl. 1). A recess for a supply pipe is recognizable (Letzner 1990, 432)."	None recorded.	Palazzo and Pavolini 2014, 148, fig. 1	"Becatti 1949, 40–41 
Colini 1944, 164–175, figs 134–136
Letzner 1990, 432–433, no. 303–304, figs 115.1–2
Brenk 1995, 175–179, figs 5–9
Di Giacomo 2007, 17–18, fig. p. 20
Andreoli 2014, 231–234, figs 1–2
Englen et al. 2014
De Vos 2014, 214–229, figs 1–8
Palazzo 2014, 154, figs 10–11
Palazzo and Pavolini 2014, 189, 194, 280, figs 29–33, pl. 1
Pavolini 2014a, 197–199"	41.88720850195941, 12.491959065309922
D.IT48	Rome, Domus sotto via S. Basilio	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	2nd-century building with fountain added in the second half of the 3rd century (Pietrogrande 1938, 421)	"1) second half of the 3rd century 
2) slightly posterior to #1 (Pietrogrande 1938, 390)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden
semicircular basin (diam. c. 4 m; radius c. 1.5 m) occupied the full hemicycle built in elevation of which only the lower part of the concrete core is preserved up to 1 meter in height. The upper part of the curved wall does not survive to a height great enough to discern if it was articulated with niches. The semicircular basin faced south and was bordered on that side by a very low wall (W 27 cm; int. H 26 cm). Pietrogrande (1938, 387–390) divides the semicircular fountain into three zones in his description: what survives of the upper part was vertical and revetted with crustae of slightly grayish marble; the intermediate was sloping in order to connect to the lower zone in which the basin was lined with marble slabs. The intermediate zone was the most ornate, alternating between four marble slabs carved with steps and polychrome glass mosaic panels depicting fish on a dark blue background. Only one panel of this mosaic (about 60 cm x 54 cm) was found in situ at the E end of the basin (Pietrogrande 1938, 388–389). 
Near the W end, a section of fistula was found in the fountain's cement core, which followed the curve of the basin edge hidden behind the stepped slabs. The pipe fragment had a small lateral hole in correspondence with the last small cascade, leading Pietrogrande (1938, 388, note 1) to suggest that four jets corresponded to the 4 stepped slabs.

2) basin, garden, to the E of #1
irregular rectangular basin located at a slightly higher level than #1 with which it communicated according to Pietrogrande (1938, 387). Lined and paved with fragmentary marble slabs.

The limited extent of the excavation did not allow for the relation between #1 and #2 to be clarified."	Rubble was used to form the surface on which #2 was inserted, while its fragmentary marble slabs were likely reused (Pietrogrande 1938, 390).	Pietrogrande 1938, 352, fig. 1	"Pietrogrande 1938, 384–385, 387–390, figs 1, 11, 20, 22–23, pl. XXIII
Becatti 1949, 41, note 85
Neuerburg 1965, 214–215, no. 164
Sear 1977, 128, no. 136
Galliazzo 1979, 77, note 93
Letzner 1990, 475, no. 390"	circa 41.906497098192276, 12.489950946963896
D.IT49	Rome, Domus su via della Torre	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	late 3rd/4th century (Neuerburg 1965, 211–212)	1) late 3rd/4th century (Neuerburg 1965, 211–212)	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden
rectilinear wall with four alternating semicircular and rectilinear niches (only their lower sections are preserved) with a narrow rectangular basin in front. Each niche contained a small set of scalette d'acqua (Neuerburg 1965, no. 159). The exterior was faced with marble, and the interior of the basin was covered in hydraulic plaster. A drainage channel ran the full width of the fountain in front."	None recorded.	Neuerburg 1965, fig. 170	"Vat. Lat. 13034, f. 71
Colini 1944, 172, note 79
Neuerburg 1965, 211–212, no. 159, fig. 170
Letzner 1990, 152, 200, 433, no. 305
Bianchi, Santucci and Antognoli 2015, 153
Rogers 2015, 171
Vitti 2015, 174, note 54"	circa 41.897106301820465, 12.486946872980543
D.IT50	Santa Maria Capua Vetere, Domus	Italy	urban house	partially excavated	late 3rd/early 4th century (Borriello 1972, 200, 203)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Borriello 1972, 200, 203)	"1) basin, court, S side
basin of not perfectly semicircular shape (L c. 3.5 m; W c. 4 m; D c. 15 cm). At the time of the excavation were visible traces of revetment of rectangular white marble slabs of rather irregular dimensions (Borriello 1972, 200, fig. 3).

2) basin, court, E side, on axis with room A 
basin of almost completely circular shape built in opus listatum. On the W side of the basin, the circular shape is interrupted by a straight section. An opening about 2 m wide interrupts the middle of the rectilinear part. Marble slabs paved its floor."	None recorded, though the irregular dimensions of the paving slabs could indicate reuse.	Borriello 1972, plan 1	"Borriello 1972, 200–202, figs 1–6
Pisani Sartorio 2017, 42, note 68, fig. 29"	circa 41.07688510745974, 14.264253007573217
D.NA1	Althiburos, Édifice des Asclepieia	North Africa	suburban house	almost fully excavated, 1850 m2 exposed	early 3rd-century foundation, updated in the mid-3rd century, late 3rd century, early 4th century, and mid-4th century (Ennaïfer 1976, 145–151)	"1–3) mid-4th century 
4) late 3rd century
5–8) mid-4th century
9) 3rd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 21, 25–26)"	"1) freestanding, ground-level fountain, peristyle garden, N side
quadrangular, almost square basin, the pavement of which was a single block carved in a 'daisy' shape, with a fountain jet at the center. Surrounded by a preexisting columnar balustrade on its E, W & S sides. The N face was open towards the reception hall on the opposite side of the portico.

2) basin, peristyle garden, W side
apsidal basin (L 3.10 m; W 2.85 m), curved E end, punctuated by five small niches in its interior, lined with mosaic and closed by a low marble chancel.

3) basin, peristyle garden, E side
apsidal basin (L 3.10 m; W 2.85 m), curved W end, punctuated by five small niches in its interior, lined with mosaic and closed by a low marble chancel. Faced the largest reception hall.

4) basin, peristyle garden, center
rectangular basin (L 6.25 m; W 4.25 m) with a quadrangular extension (L 1.25 m; W 1.25 m) to the S, due to the incorporation of an early 3rd-century well that was no longer in use. Lined with hydraulic mortar, housed a deeper basin within it. 
Bordered by a high balustrade.

5) basin, peristyle garden, S side
rectangular basin (L 3.25 m; W 3 m). Bordered by balustrades and on axis facing the entrance.

6) basin, small court, center
rectangular basin (L c. 2.8 m; W c. 2.25 m), lined with white mosaic. Some corbels protruding from the edge probably supported small statues.

7) basin, small court, center
rectangular basin (L c. 2.9 m; W c. 2.5 m), lined with white mosaic. Some corbels protruding from the edge probably supported small statues.

8) basin, along facade by the entrance
rectangular basin (L c. 5.4 m; W c. 2.25 m), paved in mosaic.

9) basin, hall to the W of the peristyle, central axis, offset towards the peristyle in alignment with the tripartite entrance to the hall
octagonal basin, not preserved in later remodeling and covered by the late floor along with a small channel. The hall floor was decorated with a mosaic depicting hunting scenes (Ennaïfer 1976, 109–127).

A long channel that brought spring water entered the house in room 14. Several channels evacuated rainwater and the water from all of the basins, passing under the facade to reach #8."	A number of small sculptural fragments were found in the house, but no details were provided (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 26).	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 23	"Ennaïfer 1976, 73–79, 109–127, pls LVI, LVII, plan 14
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 21–26
Ghiotto 2003b, 240, note 11; 245, fig. 7
Novello 2003, 59
Zanovello 2003, 310"	circa 35.87369878356974, 8.786231696009086
D.NA2	Althiburos, Maison des Muses	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 990 m2 exposed	late 3rd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 27)	1) late 3rd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 27)	"1) freestanding fountain, peristyle garden, extends full E-W width, centered along N-S axis
masonry structure (L 5.37 m; W 3 m) into which 3 basins were set. Center: rectangular basin with polygonal niches on its short ends (max L 4.15 m; W 1.85 m; D 72 cm). The rectangular basin was built in blocks lined with limestone slabs attached with bronze clamps and paved in white mosaic. An outlet in the E corner would have once connected to the water channel that extended to the E corner of the peristyle.
At either short end of the rectangular basin was a semicircular basin (W basin: diam. c. 2 m; radius c. 1 m) (E basin: diam. c. 1.75 m; radius c. 50 cm), both were lined with gray marble with green veins. The E basin is almost completely destroyed, but the W basin was closed by a limestone slab across its front (Merlin 1913, 40), which faced the house's largest reception hall."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 28	"Merlin 1913, 39–40, pl. 5
Becatti 1949, 44, note 103
Ennaïfer 1976, 64–70, pl. II
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 27–29
Novello 2003, 59
Carucci 2007, 116, fig. 5
Walker 2018, 46"	circa 35.873360, 8.786307
D.NA3	Bulla Regia, Maison de la Chasse	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, 1608.39 m2	foundation in the first half of the 3rd century on top of earlier structures, refurbished in the early/mid-4th century, abandoned in the mid-6th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 51)	1) early/mid-4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 51–53)	"1) basin, peristyle, N end projecting S into central court, axially aligned with the columnar entrance to reception hall 15
rectangular basin (int. L 2.75, W 2.5 m), built between two columns of the N portico of the peristyle court, paved in white mosaic."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 52	"Thébert 1972
Beschaouch et al. 1977, 54–63, figs 44, 46–47
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 165–167
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 49–53
Novello 2003, 60"	36.560368573578074, 8.75350161878051
D.NA4	Bulla Regia, Maison de la Nouvelle Chasse	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 605.52 m2	second half of 4th century, portico closed in the 5th century, abandoned in the late 5th/6th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 47)	1–2) second half of the 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 47)	"1) basin, peristyle, W side projecting E into the interior garden, facing the columnar entrance to the largest reception hall
semicircular basin (max. int. L 2.75 m, radius 1.5 m) articulated with five semicircular niches built in between two columns of the peristyle. Holes pierced its curved upper rim, which Thébert (1987, 362, 390–391) suggests may have supported trellises for plants. A marble slab closed the straight face of the semicircular basin just in front of which was a Greek inscription, which invited the reader ""to count only on himself,"" in the portico floor mosaic (Beschaouch et al. 1977, 64).

2) basin, underground court, center of S wall
semicircular basin (max. L 1 m, radius 50 cm) set into the S wall and facing the columnar entrance to the lower floor's reception hall across the underground court. Adorned with painted decoration (Beschaouch et al. 1977, 64).
The underground floor was built into an earlier cistern."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 48	"Beschaouch et al. 1977, 64, figs 44–45, 56
Thébert 1987, 390–391
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 47–48, 50
Novello 2003, 60
Molholt 2008, 178"	circa 36.56052369237347, 8.752975905833422
D.NA5	Bulla Regia, Maison de la Pêche	North Africa	urban house	almost fully excavated, 1390 m2 exposed	Hadrianic foundation, refurbishments in the 3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 40)	"1) 3rd/4th century (Morvillez 2007, 319)
2–6) 2nd century with refurbishments in the 3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 40)"	"1) ground-level fountain, underground peristyle, W side
semicircular fountain with four rectangular recesses alternating with three semicircular recesses. Paved with red, black and yellow mosaic. The edge was decorated with a polychrome mosaic representing a fishing scene: there remains only a fisherman, perhaps an erote, holding a net. On the semicircular wall there are six circular openings, which served as water outlets (Beschaouch et al. 1977, 71). A lead downspout supplied the fountain with water from the basins above (Wilson 1997, 117).

2) basin, ground-floor peristyle, W side
U-shaped basin (W 1.6 m) interrupted by the vault covering the underground hall. Traces of figured frescoes were identified on its walls. Paved with large white tesserae.

3) basin, ground-floor peristyle, W side, bounded on three sides by the perimeter walls of #2. The N wall and the wall that closes off #3 towards #4 are crossed by clay pipes and on the N and S sides of #3 there are some air intakes for the underground floor.
rectangular basin (W 1.45, 1.5 m) divided into two by the vault that protrudes in correspondence with the central part of #2 and #3 (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 40). 

4) basin, ground-floor peristyle, N side, abuts N end of #2 to the E
polylobe basin inset within earlier basin (Brizzi 2014, 47, fig. 46), paved with a fish mosaic. This basin had the function of an overflow for the series of communicating ground-level water features.

5) pool, ground-floor peristyle, slightly off-center to the W, abuts #2 to the E
rectangular basin (L c. 16.5 m; W 2.55 m)

6) pool, ground-floor peristyle, E half
U-shaped basin (max. L c. 19 m) shaped around the central light well for the underground level.

Water was supplied to the N part of #3, from which it flowed into #2. Water would have flowed into #5 through terracotta pipes, then through a double outlet into basin #4 and into the S sector of #3 (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 42). Eighteen small openings perforate the vaults of the underground rooms and surrounding porticoes, which opened in the basins of the court, though were protected from water by low walls (Thébert 1972, 26)."	A reused base of an equestrian statue was found in the entrance of the house (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 43).	Beschaouch et al. 1977, 67–68, figs 59–60	"Thébert 1971, 11–17, figs 1–8
Thébert 1972, 21–22, 26
Beschaouch et al. 1977, 67–71, figs 59–60, 62
Thébert 1987, 362
Letzner 1990, 367, no. 190, pl. 70.3
Wilson 1997, 117, 166
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 40–44
Novello 2003, 61
Carucci 2007, 124–125
Morvillez 2007b, 318–319, figs 21–23
Brizzi 2014, 39–42
Leone 2018b, 525, note 27"	36.56064711004198, 8.753620757816702
D.NA6	Bulla Regia, Maison du Trésor	North Africa	urban house	minimally excavated, 210 m2 exposed	3rd-century foundation, 4th-century enlargement (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 64–65)	1) 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 64–65)	"1) basin, peristyle court, SW corner
semicircular basin (max. pres. L c. 3 m; radius c. 2 m) lined with plaster, not fully preserved. Its SW corner incorporated a column; based on comparisons, it was probably set within the intercolumniation of the peristyle, facing a reception room (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 64)."	None recorded.	Beschaouch et al. 1977, 38, figs 25–26	"Beschaouch et al. 1977, 37–39, figs 25–27
Hanoune 1980, 89–93, figs 164, 169
Letzner 1990, 458–459, no. 357, fig. 127
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 64–65
Novello 2003, 60
Leone 2007, 61, table 3"	circa 36.558828, 8.752772
D.NA7	Bulla Regia, Maison no. 7 BQ	North Africa	urban house	very partially excavated	late 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 60)	1) late 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 60)	"1) ground-level fountain, missing surrounding context, probably another peristyle, c. 9 m NE of the excavated area of the house
rectangular pool (pres. L c. 11 m; W 2.2 m) lined with white mosaic. A cippo along the short S face has been hypothesized to be a small fountain (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 60).
Within the same masonry block, a semicircular basin (max. int. L c 2 m; radius c. 1 m) is inscribed, slightly off-axis. It was entirely plastered and faced an unidentified space to the S. No information is available on the type of water supply."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 60	"Beschaouch et al. 1977, 41, fig. 30
Hanoune 1980, 60, figs 132–133, 211–212
Letzner 1990, 369–370, no. 196, figs 74.2, 75
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 60"	circa 36.559228, 8.752738
D.NA8	Bulla Regia, Maison nord de l'insula de Maison n. 1	North Africa	urban house 	partially excavated, 1212.75 m2 exposed	foundation in the 3rd century on earlier structures, 4th-century establishment of underground floor (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 55)	"1) 3rd century 
2) 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 55)"	"1) basin, court, W side
semicircular basin (diam. 1.88 m; radius 81 cm), adorned with a mosaic floor depicting a polychrome rinceau on a white background. A braided geometric mosaic covers its edge. Connected to two underground vaulted cisterns in the 3rd-century phase.

2) basin, underground room, along dividing wall between the two cisterns that had been turned into underground rooms
semicircular basin (diam. 66 cm; D 57 cm) facing E, faced with polychrome geometric mosaic in a rainbow chevron pattern."	A statuette of a nymph was found in one of the underground rooms, but no further details were given (Hanoune 1980, 6).	Beschaouch et al. 1977, 52, figs 42–43	"Quoniam 1952, 469–470
Beschaouch et al. 1977, 50–53, figs 42–43
Hanoune 1980, 5–7, no. 1, 5, figs 4, 10, 200
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 162–163
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 55–56
Zanovello 2003, 308"	circa 36.559916, 8.753378
D.NA9	Caesarea / Cherchell, Maison aux Deux Bassins	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated	first half of the 4th century, dating based on mosaics (Poinssot 1965, 222–223)	1–2) first half of the 4th century (Poinssot 1965, 222–223; Stern 1980, 295)	"1) ground-level fountain, probably adorning the peristyle of the house
semicircular basin (diam. 2.6 m; W 98 cm; H 60 cm). The bottom of the basin is lined with a simple geometric pattern of horizontal black bars on a white background representing the sea. The edges are decorated with a braid of flowers and fruit. The wall of the basin represents the episode of the meeting of Odysseus and the sirens. Around the boat, three large dolphins frolicking in the waves, bivalve shells and a whelk. On the shore stand the three mermaids with long bird legs. A round outlet (diam. 0.9 cm) on the left side of the basin served for drainage. 
On the edge of the basin (Cumont 1941, 105), a gray marble statuette (H 76 cm) of a winged Eros riding a dolphin, whose snout, pierced with an orifice, was used as a fountain spout. The erote lacks his head and his raised right arm is mutilated: his lost hand must have been holding some attribute (ibid., 103).

2) basin, probably adorning the peristyle of the house
semicircular basin (diam. 3.2 m; D 90 cm; H 2.30 m). The edges of the basin are decorated with a garland of flowers and fruits in mosaic. The bottom of the basin is white with scattered black flowers. Against a blue and white background, Neptune is presented sitting on two sea horses. On either side of the god, above the water, are two nereids and two dolphins. A square opening (15 cm/side, on the left side of the basin, was used for drainage."	Perched on the edge of basin #1 at the center of its curved side was a fountain figure representing a winged Eros perched on a dolphin (Cherchell, inv. S 156). Dated to the 2nd/3rd century, it was thus reused in the 4th-century fountain context. Landwehr (2000, 40–41, no. 88) observes that the finely smoothed surface on the right side in the lower part is evidence of an earlier, presumably architectural use of the gray stone.	Leveau 1982, 143, fig. 28	"Cumont 1941, 103–109
Gsell 1952, 90, no. 178–179
Poinssot 1965, 222–223, note 20, fig. 8
Kapossy 1969, 38
Stern 1980, 285–302
Leveau 1982, 142–143, fig. 28
Dunbabin 1999, 246, fig. 261
Landwehr 2000, 40–41, no. 88, pl. 24
Ferdi 2005, 175–179, no. 149–150, plan V, pl. LXVII"	circa 36.602700, 2.189043
D.NA10	Caesarea / Cherchell, Maison de la Jonchée de Feuillage	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, c. 1800 m2 exposed	uncertain dating, mosaic pavements dated to the first half of the 4th century (Ferdi 2005, 31)	1) uncertain dating, mosaic pavements dated to the first half of the 4th century (Ferdi 2005, 31)	"1) ground-level fountain, on the house's lower level, to the north, peristyle, center
rectangular basin (L ext. 10 m, int. 8.90 m; W ext. 7.5 m, int. 6.50 m, D 70 cm) built in blocks and paved with white mosaic. A square fountain block (2.80 m/side) was uncovered within it; Leveau (1982, 110) suggests that it was probably once topped by a pyramid with a water jet. It was pierced, on its sides, with rectangular niches and had a water jet whose supply pipe was still visible. "	None recorded.	Leveau 1982, 111, fig. 1	"Leveau 1982, 110–112, fig. 1
Ferdi and Malek 2000, 327
Ferdi 2005, 23–31, no. 1, plan B, pl. II
Farrar 2018, 247, cat. 41"	circa 36.608020, 2.201948
D.NA11	Clipea / Kélibia, Maison des Deux Chasses	North Africa	urban house	almost fully excavated, 730 m2 exposed	built in the second half of the 5th century on top of a 2nd/3rd-century garum facility, renovations in the early 6th century, and again in the late 6th/early 7th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 80)	"1–3) 2nd/3rd-century salting basins, integrated into garden in the late 5th century
4) late 6th/early 7th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 80)"	"1) basin, peristyle garden, S end (left basin)
basin of roughly square shape.

2) basin, peristyle garden, S end (central basin)
quadrangular basin with irregularly curved NE side.

3) basin, peristyle garden, S end (right basin)
quadrangular basin with irregularly curved SW side.

1-3 were all basins that were originally used for salting, which were integrated into the peristyle garden during the complex's late 5th-century transformation into a house.

4) basin, corridor to the N of the main hall, facing an elongated mosaic-paved space at the NE limit of the excavated area,
semicircular basin (W c. 2.5 m; radius c. 1.4 m), paved with a mosaic depicting a palm tree between two dolphins. The insertion of the basin interrupted the continuation of an earlier mosaic pavement with scenes of hunting featuring Diana.

The mosaic-clad niche facing the house's main hall was not equipped with water."	Preexisting salting basins were integrated into the house's peristyle garden.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 81	"Ennaïfer 1999, 231–232, 237, pls XCIV.2, XCVII.2, XCVIII.2, C, CIII.1
Ennaïfer 2002, 229, 231–232
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 80–82"	circa 36.835741029232786, 11.114980400946552
D.NA12	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison d’Amphitrite	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area  504 m2	late 3rd/early 4th-century domus, renovation of peristyle in the late 4th/early 5th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 128, based on stylistic dating of mosaics)	1–2) late 4th/early 5th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 128)	"1) basin, peristyle court, E side, central intercolumniation
irregular round basin of two non-matching curves, entirely made of brick. The W curve projects into the mosaic-paved enclosure of the peristyle. Traces of hydraulic mortar were preserved on the exterior and interior of the basin.

2) basin, peristyle court, W side
rectangular basin with rounded corners. The straight sides were built in rubble and brick, the curved corners in brick. Traces of hydraulic mortar were preserved on the exterior and interior of the basin. 
Two columns are placed on the two external corners. This second basin extends slightly beyond the central intercolumniation of the W side of the peristyle, which is simply delimited by a paved threshold.

A drain in the inner peristyle court that was paved with a mosaic depicting fish, sea creatures, and terrestrial fauna organized in hexagonal compartments may have facilitated the circulation of water over the mosaics, in addition to the drainage of rainwater (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 123–124, pl. XXXI).

Room 4 in the NW corner of the house contains a semicircular structure (2.20 m by 2.20 m) at its E end, which preserves hydraulic plaster on its interior (Carucci 2006, 397). Blanchard-Lemée (1975, 112) suggests that it is either a reservoir R if the E wall went up to the ceiling, entirely walling it off from room IV, or an elevated fountain / basin combining a decorative destination with its utilitarian function if the E wall only went up to half height."	The columns framing the peristyle and its basins were reused (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 110, 128).	Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 108, fig. 43	"Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 110–112, 121–124, figs 43, 46, pl. XXXIb
Carucci 2006, 396–397
Molholt 2008, 201"	36.322375, 5.735615
D.NA13	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison d'Europe	North Africa	urban residential block	fully excavated, ground surface area 1366 m2	Severan house expanded to fill the whole block in the 4th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 151)	1–4) 4th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 151)	"1) fountain built against wall, corridor 6, SE corner
semicircular basin set into wall (W c. 1.8 m; D c. 1.1 m), lined with plaster. The front edge consists of a large flat monolithic slab slotted into two square posts topped with stone balls. The fountain rests on a long slab with a drain that allowed the paving of the corridor to be washed (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 139–140).

2) (fountain?) basin, inner peristyle court, S end, set between the central intercolumniation facing the columnar entrance to the hall 18
low semicircular basin (int. diam. 1.2 m) punctuated by nine small interior niches (alternating triangular and semicircular) (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 131). On each side, similarly tall plinths, which probably once supported a planting pot or a sculpture, were bounded by a low wall to the basin (Blanchard-Lemée 2021).

3) basin, inner peristyle court, center
large square basin with a curved recess at each corner almost entirely occupied the open-air court (L ext. 6 m, int. 5 m; W ext. 5.6 m, int. 4.8 m). 
Garden planters flanked the S corners of the square basin, originally at the same height as this pool, c. 70 cm (Blanchard-Lemée 2021).

4) basin, court, S side, projecting over the ancient dividing wall I-J
semicircular basin (W 3.40 m, D 2.40 m) with a small axial recess."	None recorded.	Blanchard-Lemée 1975, fig. 49	"Allais 1939
Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 129–140, 151, 212, figs 49–55, 59
Thébert 1987, 362
Sodini 1995, 178
Blanchard-Lemée 2021 (online, https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/numidia/cuicul/house_of_europa/)"	36.322883, 5.734372
D.NA14	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison de Bacchus	North Africa	urban mansion	almost fully excavated, ground surface area 7000 m2	late 2nd/early 3rd century (W garden & pool #12; E side = 2 peristyle houses), late 3rd/4th century (peristyle with 4 basins), two earlier houses united, the 7-apse hall and apsidal fish pool added in the 2nd quarter of the 5th c. (Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, 201–207)	"1–4, 13) second quarter of the 5th century 
5–6, 11) late 2nd century
7–10) late 3rd/4th century
12) early 3rd century (Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, 201–207)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, 7-apse hall, W wall, to left of central apse
small semicircular basin (W c. 1.19 m; D c. 81 cm) inscribed in a niche in the wall. A cutout for a fountain installation seems evident in Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, fig. 41.

2) fountain built in elevation, 7-apse hall, W wall, to right of central apse
small semicircular basin (W c. 1.19 m; D c. 81 cm) inscribed in a niche in the wall. A cutout for a fountain installation seems evident in Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, fig. 41.

3) fountain built in elevation, 7-apse hall, SE corner (left of the entrance)
semicircular basin (max. W c. 2.2 m; D c. 1.48 m) inscribed in a niche in the wall

4) fountain built in elevation, 7-apse hall, NE corner (right of the entrance)
semicircular basin (max. W c. 2.2 m; D c. 1.48 m) inscribed in a niche in the wall. The fragments of a 2nd-century statue of a genius were found in the vicinity.

5) basin, garden 34, S side
semicircular basin closed across the front by two stone plates, engraved with lozenges and joined by a cut column. Paved in black mosaic (Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, figs. 15–16).

6) basin, hall 53, W wall, projecting to the W
semicircular basin (W c. 2.04 m; D c. 77 cm) (Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, fig. 19).

7) basin, square peristyle (17.80 x 16.20 m), W side
semicircular basin (int. L 2.8 m; W 1.25 m) in brick and paved in black mosaic. The parapet was integrated with the two central column bases along the edge of the portico. 

8) basin, square peristyle, E side
semicircular basin (int. L 2.1; W 1 m) in brick and paved in black mosaic. The parapet was integrated with the two central column bases along the edge of the portico. 

9) basin, square peristyle, N side, set between the portico's central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (int. L 1.8 m; W 95 cm) in brick and paved in black mosaic. Not preserved in the 5th-century phase of the house.

10) basin, square peristyle, center
round basin with straight sides and concave rounded corners (int. diam. 2.05 m) in brick with marble veneer. Not preserved in the 5th-century phase of the house.

11) basin, corridor 51, S side, projecting to the S
semicircular basin (max W c. 3.15 m; max. D c. 2.26 m).

12) pool, W garden, roughly centered
rectangular pool (L 16.5; W 4.5 m; D 1.63 m) with pergola. Part of the early 3rd phase, later embellished in the 4th century with a pavilion decorated with stuccos and mosaic. A 2nd-century statue of Venus was found next to its pedestal found in situ on the parapet in the center of its short S end under which water entered the pool (Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, 40, 190; fig. 26b, 160). Apparently no longer functional in the 5th-century phase of the house.

13) pool, W end of the square reception hall
apsidal pool (L 8 m; W 6.3 m) paved with marble, with two smaller basins on either side from which water entered. Set inside the inner sides were terracotta amphorae used to raise fish, whereas two columns inside the pool perhaps supported a small triangular pediment (Février and Blanchard-Lemée (2019, 26, note 25). The construction of this pool cuts into the N end of #12, which had gone out of use. The unfinished exterior rear wall Blanchard-Lemée (2021) to suggest a possible nymphaeum with a semi-dome. Water was evacuated into the drain of the 7-apse hall  (Février and Blanchard-Lemée (2019, 27, note 26). "	The base of a 2nd-century statue of Venus was found next to its pedestal found in situ on the parapet of the pool (#11, out of use in the final phase), whereas the upper body was found in the larger peristyle along with a small dolphin, which may have belonged to the same piece and a bronze statuette of Hercules (Baratte 2019, 189, 193, figs. 160–161, 199). Another female statuette, probably also a Venus, was found in the smaller peristyle (Baratte 2019, 196, fig. 162). Fragments belonging to a high-quality early 2nd-century statue of a young man in the guise of a genius were found in the entrance to the 7-apse hall, though its original location is unknown (Baratte 2019, 197–199, fig. 163). Fragments of a sarcophagus and two funerary inscriptions were also recorded as having been found in the house (Baratte 2019, 189).	Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, 20, fig. 2	"Lassus 1971, 198–199, fig. 5
Blanchard-Lemée 1984, 134
Morvillez 2004b, 52, note 22
Février and Blanchard-Lemée 2019, 24–45, 56, 146, 201–209, figs 2, 6–8, 10–11, 15–16, 19, 26–27, 114
Baratte 2019, 189–199
Blanchard-Lemée 2021 (online, https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/numidia/cuicul/house_of_bacchus/)"	36.318851, 5.736365
D.NA15	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison de Castorius	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground surface area c. 1500 m2	3rd century, expanded and embellished in the 4th/5th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 165–166)	1–4) 4th/5th century (Blanchard-Lemée 2021)	"1) basin, set within the left intercolumniation of the E side of the peristyle
semicircular basin with straight E side closed by a low brick wall (contiguous across the E side of the peristyle).

2) basin, set within the central intercolumniation of the E side of the peristyle
semicircular basin with straight E side closed by a low brick wall (contiguous across the E side of the peristyle).

3) basin, set within the right intercolumniation of the E side of the peristyle
semicircular basin with straight E side closed by a low brick wall (contiguous across the E side of the peristyle).

1-3 all face the main reception hall, in correspondence with its three entrance bays.

4) basin, peristyle, center
rectangular basin built of rubble cut with brick beds and brick corners; small terracotta amphorae are embedded in its interior walls, indicating that it was used for fish rearing. At its center stood a tall hexagonal base carved with stylized ivy scrolls and illegible inscriptions. Its base was hollowed out by a gutter (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 159).

An exedra (diam. 3.20 m) paved with a shell mosaic filled the central intercolumniation of the N side of the inner peristyle facing a smaller hall did not contain water, though its positioning evoked the traditional North African basin placement."	None recorded.	Blanchard-Lemée 1975, fig. 62	"Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 158–161, 165–166, fig. 62
Carucci 2006, 74
Blanchard-Lemée 2021 (online, https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/numidia/cuicul/house_of_castorius/)"	36.32126198203974, 5.735638555457058
D.NA16	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison de l'Âne	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground surface area 870 m2	2nd-century house, expanded in the late 4th/5th century (addition of apsidal reception hall) (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 72, 106)	"1–3) late 4th/5th century 
4–6) post 2nd century, rebuilt at a late date (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 60, 72, 106)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, reception hall with Venus mosaic (XI), W wall, N
semicircular niche carved out of a masonry block (max. W 2 m; D 90 cm; pres. H c. 1 m). The entire interior of the niche was covered with plaster. 

2) fountain built in elevation, reception hall (XI), W wall, center
semicircular niche carved out of a masonry block (max. W 1.8 m; D 90 cm; pres. H c. 1 m), plaster lined.

3) fountain built in elevation, reception hall (XI), W wall, S
semicircular niche carved out of a masonry block (max. W 1.8 m; D 90 cm; pres. H c. 1 m), plaster lined.

#1-3 are set against the lateral podium wall of the adjacent temple, consisting of opus africanum, at the same height with the niches beginning 30 cm above the floor level. They were probably once topped by semi-domes that were either painted or covered with mosaic. (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 55, 84). At the bottom center of each niche was a plaster-lined pilaster made of two vertical layers of brick through which the water entered. The pilasters (truncated pyramids) probably supported marble fountain figures (ibid., 84). A low curved wall (H 40 cm in the middle, 70 cm on the sides) closed the small basin at the base of each fountain niche (Ballu 1910, 108).
When the outlets of the three basins were not blocked, water from the three fountain niches could have overflowed onto the pavement, the slightly concave surface of which would have retained the water in front of the apse due to a slight elevation of the threshold before flowing into the drain at the center of the hall and into the sump underneath (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 28–29, 84). 

4) basin, peristyle garden (9 x 8.5 m), W side
semicircular basin (max. int. L 2.27 m, int. radius 1 m; H 1 m) with a gutter around the upper edge (ibid., 25). The interior preserves traces of hydraulic mortar.

5) basin, peristyle garden, N side
basin in the shape of half an octagon with concave sides (max. int. L c. 2.04 m, max. int. W c. 1.36 m); its walls were built with rows of bricks lined with plaster (ibid., 25). The outer rim is formed by a large coping slab with a sloping gutter.

#4 was connected to #5 (at a slightly lower height) across the width of the peristyle by a low gutter wall (Blanchard-Lemée 2021); both basins drained to the N.

6) basin, peristyle garden, E side
rectangular basin (max. L 4.32 m, max. W 1.36 m), inside which was a smaller rectangular one with apsidal short ends (max. int. L c. 2.72 m, max. W c. 91 cm). The outer rim is formed by a coping slab with a sloping gutter. The water drained to the E. Blanchard-Lemée (2021) suggests that the basin may have been decorated with a water spout, of which only bases remain.

#4-6 were set between the central intercolumniation of their respective sides of the peristyle garden into which they projected.
The basins, fountains and baths of the houses were supplied via two reservoirs that were connected to the urban network (Dessales 2013b, 215). "	The bases of the columns, of varying thickness, were  reused in the peristyle. One leg of a marble statuette was found in the mouth of the SW sewer (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 84). Ballu (1910, 112) records the finding of the lower part of a high-quality white marble statue of a nymph, holding a shell with both hands against her lower abdomen, seemingly in the vicinity of the temple adjacent to the apsidal hall.	Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 24, fig. 4	"Ballu 1910, 107–112
Allais 1933
Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 24–30, 53–57, 60–73, 82, 84, 130, 207, 210–212, figs 8, 12–13, 28, 35
Letzner 1990, 346–347, no. 154, fig. 55.3
Blanchard-Lemée 1998, 186
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 193
Dessales 2013b, 96, 215–216, 360, 373, fig. 108a
Blanchard-Lemée 2021 (online, https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/numidia/cuicul/house_of_asinus_nica/)"	36.32163297204534, 5.735396004549693
D.NA17	Cuicul / Djemila, Maison aux Stucs	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground surface area 509 m2	late 2nd/early 3rd century, renovated in the 1st half of the 4th century, destroyed by a fire at an unknown late date (Allais 1971, 112, 117–119; Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 191, 236)	1st half of the 4th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 236)	"potential fountain built in elevation (or water-equipped stibadium?), facing court L
semicircular room (radius 2 m, entrance W 1 m) built with rubble stones alternating with bricks. The exterior is entirely covered with brick. The partly preserved roofing was made of a half-dome; an opening (c. 30 cm) in the dome, still visible in 1954 below the reservoir, and characterized by limestone concretions, attests to the existence of a water supply (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 185–187). The drainage was to the SW through an opening half hidden by the cement floor and extended by the remains of a brick pipe. Built on top of the house's former baths."	Fragments of fountain decoration were found in the house at an unspecified location: "Small decadent Ionic capital in soft stone (height: 5.5 cm; width: 9.5 cm), pierced by a cylindrical channel; fragment of a stone colonette (diameter 22 cm, shaft preserved over 36 cm) with base (height: 18 cm; diameter: 28 cm); central cylindrical conduit (diameter: 7 cm)" (Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 191). A statuette of Venus in white marble (torso and right arm height preserved 32 cm) was found in the corridor K. The lintel to the apsidal space was made of an upside-down threshold.	Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 182, fig. 82	"Allais 1971, 112, 117–119
Blanchard-Lemée 1975, 185–196, 210, fig. 82
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 193"	36.320990565006966, 5.73530938665895
D.NA18	Karthago / Carthage, Maison de Bacchus	North Africa	urban house	very partially excavated	3rd-century foundation, renovations in early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 143) 	1) ? 3rd century or early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 143) 	"1) freestanding fountain, courtyard garden, NE sector, facing the house's entrance
one structure with a rectangular and an apsidal basin. The basin was recorded (Alexander et al. 1999, 46) as dating to the original house plan, yet Bullo and Ghedini (2003, vol. 2, 143) are less certain."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 143	"Alexander et al. 1996, 362, figs 1D, 4–6 
Alexander et al. 1999, 46–51, no. 75–80, pl. 6
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 170
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 143–144
Novello 2003, 62"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA19	Karthago / Carthage, Maison de Bassilica	North Africa	urban house	only partly excavated	4th century (dating is based on mosaics, but the house plan may have already existed, Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 123)	1) 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 123)	"1) freestanding fountain, corridor, center, aligned with the entrances of the two adjoining reception halls
rectangular basin (L c. 87 cm, W c. 75 cm) lined with white marble. Gauckler (1904, 16) records that it contained a fountain jet, which Ghiotto (2003, 238) suggests once fed a pedestal fountain."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 124	"Gauckler 1904, 16
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 123–124
Ghiotto 2003b, 238
Novello 2003, 61"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA20	Karthago / Carthage, Maison de la Cachette de Statues	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated	undated earlier building, second phase: 4th/5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 137)	1–2) 4th century (Alexander et al. 1999, 151–155)	"1) freestanding, ground-level fountain, porticoed court, center
octagonal fountain basin in concrete attributed by Gauckler to the 4th century (not recorded on plan); Gauckler (1899, 158) records that it was just N of a cistern with four compartments and was equipped with a water jet. Adorned with mosaic scenes of fish.
To the S were two rectangular rooms paved with fishing and mythological scenes. These contexts are no longer visible since the mosaics were removed and taken to the Bardo.

2) basin, unclear context
rectangular basin (L c. 2.5 m, W c. 2 m), in situ.

The house's large cistern with four sectors was fed via a channel taken directly from the public cisterns of Bordj Djedid (Zanovello 2003, 309)."	Many cut pieces of statuary (including Venus with a dolphin, a seated Jupiter with an eagle, a seated young man with a chlamys, a head of Amor, and a mask of Silenus) were found walled into an underground room on top of which a late 4th/early 5th-century mosaic floor was laid (Stirling 2005, 185–187).	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 138	"Gauckler 1899, 157–158
Alexander et al. 1999, 151–157
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 172
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, 2: 137–138
Zanovello 2003, 309
Stirling 2005, 185–187"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA21	Karthago / Carthage, Maison de la Chasse au Sanglier	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated	4th century (late 2nd/early 3rd has also been argued), 6th-century remodeling (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 155)	1) ? 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 155)	"1) pool, court, off-set to NW side (towards main reception hall)
elongated apsidal pool (L 9 m, W 3.75 m). Underneath the pool and extending further to the SE (towards the adjacent public bath complex) are two vaulted cisterns."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 156	"Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 155–156
Novello 2003, 62"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA22	Karthago / Carthage, Maison de la Volière	North Africa	urban house	almost fully excavated, 1630 m2 exposed	late 2nd/early 3rd century, embellishment phase in the 3rd/4th century, later repairs (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 125)	1–2) ? late 2nd/early 3rd century (Zanovello 2003, 308–309), hunting and fishing mosaics added to #1 in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Ennabli and Ben Osman 1983, 155)	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden NE of the largest reception hall
rectangular basin (L 5.18 m, W 3.65 m) with three niches (two semicircular flanking a central rectangular niche) set into its back wall, revetted with large white marble slabs. The excavator Gauckler (1910, 218, no. 648) describes an open-air zig-zag channel, the supporting walls of which formed three superimposed terraces. The terraces' walls were faced with mosaic and painted scenes of hunting and fishing. Water would have cascaded over marble stairs in the three niches and into the basin below. In front of the fountain basin there is a 60-cm-high wall adorned with six rectangular and five semicircular niches, which was revetted with pink marble (Ennabli and Ben Osman 1983, 138).
The fountain was built on top of an earlier water feature (ibid., 143), and its supply came from a large elevated cistern located to the rear of the house, which was supplied by the aqueduct (ibid., 139). The water was then evacuated to the SE into the sewer of the adjacent street.

2) fountain built against wall, smaller reception hall, NE corner, facing the NE corner of the reception hall
semicircular fountain. According to Gauckler (1904, 14), the basin was equipped with a jet of water."	Two marble statuettes of Venus and of Dionysos and Cupid were found in proximity to #1 (Gauckler 1904, 15).	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 126	"Gauckler 1904, 14–16
Gauckler 1910, 214–219, no. 640–649
Ennabli and Ben Osman 1983, 131, 133, 136–143, 151, 155, plan p. 145; pls XCIV–XCV
Letzner 1990, 504, no. 439
Wilson 1998, 88
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, 2: 125–127
Ghiotto 2003b, 246
Zanovello 2003, 308–309
Morvillez 2004b, 52, fig. 3
Dessales 2013b, 271, note 327
Morvillez 2016, 400, 407
Leone 2018b, 525, note 28"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA23	Karthago / Carthage, Maison des Chevaux et des Saisons	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 1593.07 m2 exposed	early 4th century (Chevaux), combination and embellishment of the two houses in late 4th/early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 152)	1) 4th century (unspecified which phase it belonged to) (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 152)	"1) basin, court, W side
semicircular basin (max. int. L 2 m, D 1 m). Interior decorated with marine scenes in polychrome mosaic, including two winged erotes leading two small boats. Each erote is named in black letters NAVIGIUS and NACCARA (Salomonson 1965, 154, pl. X, fig. 1)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 153	"Picard 1965, 20, 25–26, 68–97
Salomonson 1965, 16, 154, figs 1–2, pl. X
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 152–153
Novello 2003, 62
Ariano 2018, 67"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA24	Karthago / Carthage, Maison des Corbeilles	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 570 m2 exposed	5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 148, based on stylistic dating of mosaics)	1) 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 148)	"1) basin, court, N corner
square basin (L & W c. 2.3 m) lined with black and white geometric mosaic."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 149	"Alexander et al. 1996, 361–362, figs 1C, 2
Alexander et al. 1999, 31–55, pl. 4
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 148–149
Zanovello 2003, 309"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA25	Karthago / Carthage, Maison du Seigneur Julius	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, no published plan, apsidal hall (L 5.65 m, W 4.5 m)	late 4th/early 5th century (Morvillez 2004, 55)	1) late 4th/early 5th century (Morvillez 2004, 55)	"1) fountain built against wall, apsidal hall, apse
semicircular fountain set within an apse (diam. 4.8 m). The excavator Merlin (1921, 95, note 2) records a 1-meter-high, plaster-covered wall concentric to the curve of the apse, which may have constituted one side of a ring-shaped basin (Morvillez 2004, 55). Alternatively, Morvillez proposes that the fountain might have filled the entirety of the apsidal space if the threshold across its front was once high enough to serve as a parapet. 
The back wall of the apse was outfitted with a raised 40-cm-high border of mosaic, and its pavement preserved traces of geometric mosaic. The border of the pavement of the fountain was paved with fake slabs of marble in mosaic (Morvillez 2004, 50). 
A large hole evident in the archival photo of the hall upon its excavation probably served to evacuate water. Unfortunately the photo does not include the upper part of the apsidal wall, so it remains unclear whether there were niches with water spouts, which would have completed the ensemble. Interpretation is further complicated by the later insertion of a tomb at the center of the apse, where Merlin (1921, 95, note 2) suggests that there might once have been a fountain.

An alternative reconstruction was proposed in Nevett 2010, plate 6.1, in which a stibadium was the main feature of the apse (see image 3)."	None recorded.	Morvillez 2004, 54, fig. 8	"Merlin 1920, XLVII, CIII–CIV
Merlin 1921, 95, note 2
Schneider 1983, 68–84
Arce 1997, 21–22
Morvillez 2004b, 47–55, figs 1, 8
Nevett 2010, 119–141, pl. 6.1"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA26	Karthago / Carthage, Maison du Triconque	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 725 m2	phase 1: late 2nd/early 3rd century; phase 2: late 4th/early 5th century when a large dining triconch was added (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 139)	"1) early 5th century
Two water features attributed to the late 2nd/early 3rd phase were not preserved in Late Antiquity (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 139)"	"1) basin, porticoed court, center
rectangular basin (int. L 4.09, W 3.38 m) lined with white tesserae interspersed with occasional polychrome ones. Its construction in the early 5th century erased the presence of a marble-lined tripartite basin that belonged to the late 2nd/early 3rd-century phase of the house. 

Another fountain in the NE corner of the peristyle was also not preserved in the 5th-century renovation of the peristyle."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 140–141	"Alexander et al. 1999, 56, 65
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 170–173
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 139–142
Novello 2003, 62
Zanovello 2003, 309"	circa 36.85233374478837, 10.324049308912729
D.NA27	Karthago / Carthage, Maison Utere Felix	North Africa	urban house	only partly excavated, overall plan and chronology unknown	second half of 4th century (Morvillez 2007, 320)	1) second half of 4th century (Morvillez 2007, 320)	"1) water-equipped stibadium
semicircular basin (W 1.27 m, radius 95 cm) surrounded by a semicircular masonry couch with a gentle slope (total W 3.5 m, W per side 65 cm; H 85 cm, according to Lantier). 5 irregular arched niches were set within the upper part of the inner face of the couch; the central niche is larger and not exactly aligned with the central axis. The flat side of the basin was closed by a low marble plaque supported on either side (and perhaps also at the center) by small marble herms found in situ. The couch was painted with rosebushes and birds, whereas the niches were painted with a representation of a blue and red marine shell (Lantier 1943, 43). The inner wall of the basin was decorated with painted scenes of children in boats fishing and sea creatures, and its pavement covered with mosaics of marine life on a blue background with zig-zags at the center of which stood an Eros on a rocky outcrop fishing (Morvillez 2001, 301–302). Figurative mosaic pavements extended from the basin into the hall in front, including two flanking panels with wreath-bearing putti in which the words UTERE and FELIX were inscribed.
A tank paved with tiles was found at the same height as the fountain, 2 meters to its east; however, Lantier did not describe any connections between them, and it remains unclear how water pressure would have been created to animate the fountain. A bronze tap found in situ (Carton 1935, 36) controlled the piped supply to the niches, each of which would have spurted water into the basin below.

Morvillez (2008, 48) hypothesizes that fountain may have predated the addition of the couch, but it cannot be confirmed."	Two small marble herms were found in situ supporting the low chancel at the front of the basin; their style of carving differs leading Morvillez (2007, 313) to posit reuse.	Morvillez 2007, 310, fig. 6	"Merlin 1920, CIII
Merlin 1921
Carton 1935, 36
Lantier 1943–1945, 40–46, pls I–Ill
Dunbabin 1978, 250, no. 15
Morvillez 1996, 129–130
Morvillez 2001, 301–303, figs 1–2
Morvillez 2004b, 48, 50, note 16
Morvillez 2007b, 303–320, figs 1–3, 6–7
Morvillez 2008, 37, 46–48, 52–53, figs 1, 13E
Barbet 2013, 44–50, figs 44–51"	approx. 36.8529304546847, 10.322840631478913
D.NA28	Mactaris / Mactar, Maison de Vénus	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 500 m2 exposed	foundation in the late 2nd/early 3rd century, subsequent renovations and embellishments, abandoned in late 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 171)	"1) late 2nd/early 3rd century
2) 3rd century
3) 3rd century, subsequently painted with imitation marble after the water ceased to run (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 171–172)"	"1) basin, peristyle, offset to NW
rectangular basin (L 4.67 m, W 2.93 m) bordered by carved marble slabs with a lattice pattern. Its floor is paved with white mosaic.

2) basin, peristyle, offset to NNW
semicircular basin (diam. 2.50–2.55 m, radius 1.08 m) with the rounded edge cropped by its abutment of #1. Its mosaic pavement was decorated with marine motifs, including fish, a Nereid riding a dolphin, and a boat. Subsequently covered with a layer of cement (Picard et al. 1977, 17).

3) basin, peristyle, SW corner
irregular semicircular basin (L c. 2.2 m, radius c. 87 cm) built on top of an earlier water feature (Picard et al. 1977 I, 20). Its pavement was decorated with a figurative mosaic with Venus preparing for the bath, flanked by two heroes offering her flowers, dated by Picard (1977,18–33) to c. AD 230. In a subsequent phase when there was no longer water, the basin's walls were covered with painted stucco imitating marble.

A gutter, closed by reused slabs, crossed the peristyle the E corner of #3, passing by basin #1 before evacuating towards the SE of the house. Possible connection to the urban piped network hypothesized by Picard (et al. 1977, 21).

The house's dining hall facing the peristyle basins was paved with a late 2nd/early 3rd-century mosaic teeming with life-size fish swimming in horizontal lines amidst water animated with geometric ripples (Molholt 2008, 164–166)."	Reused slabs were used to cover the gutter. 	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 172	"Picard et al. 1977, 17–21, 184, 213–220
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 171–173
Molholt 2008, 164–171, figs 104–108"	35.854572, 9.209241
D.NA29	Mascula / Khenchela, Maison de Vénus	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, c. 400 m2 exposed	undated earlier phase, 4th century (Hanoune 2006, 279)	"1) 4th century or later (Hanoune 2006, 276, 279)
Hanoune identified 3 phases without providing additional dating."	"1) freestanding fountain, courtyard, entirety of inner courtyard
Phase 1: rectangular basin (L 6.64 m; W 6 m) with a regularly paved floor. Eight limestone columns surrounded the basin (three on each side) in between which were well-embedded chancel slabs of high-quality white limestone. The exterior side of the panels are sculpted with varied reliefs, dolphins (including an original scene of a dolphin swallowing a frog), shells, and various vegetal motifs, such as artichokes, zucchini, millet, flowers and scrolls (Lassus 1969–1971, 46). 

Phase 2: the basin was divided into two; a ninth column was set in the middle of the dividing wall. The larger E basin was articulated with molded bases on top of which low walls with semicircular apses on the inside and rectangular apses on the outside (Lassus 1969–1971, 46). At the back of the W wall, a set of sculpted steps 3 cm high allowed the overflow water from the larger E basin to cascade into the W basin (ibid.). [Phase 3?] The E basin floor was repaved with irregular slabs, where the traces of two (?) semicircular basins were identified, one of which is opposite the entrance to the triclinium.

The house's main reception hall (room 6 on the plan) facing the fountain featured a polychrome mosaic pavement of a marine triumph with Venus as the central figure (Lassus 1965). A drain consisting of a striated pink marble plaque with a hole in the center is preserved at one end of the mosaic now in the Musée de Constantine; Molholt (2008, 201) suggests that the hall could have been flooded, or it may have been used during post banquet clean up."	The limestone reliefs from the first phase were adapted for the second, more complex elaboration of the fountain.	Ferdi 2006, fig. 2	"Lassus 1965, 175–176
Lassus 1969–1971, 45–46, 55, figs 1–4
Ferdi 1998, 100–101, 142–145
Ferdi 2006, 255–256, 265, fig. 2
Hanoune 2006, 274–279, figs 3, 5–8
Molholt 2008, 201, fig. 138
Ronin 2018, 144"	circa 35.425998385620105, 7.144421882641753
D.NA30	Neapolis / Nabeul, Maison de l'Usine de la Salaison	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 950 m2 exposed	2nd-century house inserted around existing salting workshop (still in use until the 3rd century), 4th-century expansion and remodeling of the peristyle court (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 183)	"1) late 2nd century 
2) 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 183)"	"1) basin, peristyle garden, NW corner
semicircular basin (max. int. L c. 1.37 m; radius c. 45 cm), built between two columns of the peristyle portico. Connected to a barrel-vaulted T-shaped rainwater cistern below the W portico of the peristyle and the adjacent reception hall.

2) basin, peristyle garden, W side (abuts #1 to S), facing the entrance to a probable reception hall
semicircular basin (max. int. L c. 2.25 m; radius c. 1.25 m), built between two columns of the peristyle portico, abutting #1 to the SE. 

A quadrangular basin in cocciopesto and a well were also located in the court along its E side (Novello 2003, 64)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 183	"Darmon 1967–1968, 272–276, 282, pl. 1
Slim and Khanoussi 1995, 20–21
Slim et al. 1999, 160–161, 167–168, figs 3, 6–8, 33
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 183–184
Novello 2003, 64"	circa 36.439121, 10.717677
D.NA31	Neapolis / Nabeul, Maison des Nymphes	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area > 1550 m2	2nd-century house, early/mid-4th-century embellishment (terminus post quem AD 315/317, Darmon 1980, 134–139), inhabited until the 6th/7th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 179)	"1–2) first half of the 4th century
3–5) 2nd-century impluvium, remodeled in first half of the 4th century (Barbet 1999, 316–317)"	"1) basin, peristyle garden, N side, along the house's central axis between the entrance and the largest reception hall, facing the latter
semicircular basin (diam. ext. c. 3.6 m, int. c. 1.2 m). A marble slab closed the straight N side. Paved with polychrome geometric mosaic, its curved wall is adorned with polychrome mosaic depicting Oceanus surrounded by a variety of fish and other marine animals. Above these representations, a Latin inscription in mosaic ""Nympharvm domvs"" stands out for the yellow color of the letters on a dark blue background.  

2) basin, lateral patio E, center, surrounded by four columns
quadrilateral basin (medians 1.7 & 2.1 m; diagonals c. 2.5 m) with thick concave sides and flattened corners. Its interior was painted blue, and detailed polychrome marine landscapes, including the port of Carthage and fishing and hunting scenes, were painted on its external sides (Darmon 1980, 18; Barbet 1999; Barbet 2013, 137–149, figs 186–204).

3) basin, lateral patio W, center, surrounded by four columns
quadrilateral basin (medians 2 m; diagonals 2.8 m; inner diagonals 2 m) with thick concave sides built on top of former rectangular impluvium (Darmon 1980, 15, 40, no. 7). Basin surrounded by a marble border.

4) basin, lateral patio W, E side of #3
quadrilateral basin with curved W side due to the form of #3. Result of the overlap with a quadrangular impluvium basin belonging to the first phase. Decorated in mosaic, white background with thick wavy black lines evoking waves.

5) basin, lateral patio W, W side of #3
quadrilateral basin with curved E side due to the form of #3. Result of the overlap with a quadrangular impluvium basin belonging to the first phase. Decorated in mosaic, white background with thick wavy black lines evoking waves."	#3–5 were built on top of an earlier impluvium, which impacted their forms. In the destruction levels was found a head of a female statue wearing a topknot (perhaps Venus or a nymph) (Darmon 1980, pl. III; Stirling 2005, 188).	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 180	"Rebuffat 1969, 681
Darmon 1980, 8–9, 15, 18–20, 39–40, 84–91, 146–149, 187–188, no. 20–21, pls I, III, XLII, XLV
Barbet 1999, 311–319, pls CXLIV–CLI
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, 2: 179–182
Ghedini 2003, 330
Novello 2003, 64
Stirling 2005, 188
Bullo and Ghedini 2007, 340–341, fig. 2
Barbet 2013, 136–149, figs 182–204"	36.440612, 10.719264
D.NA32	Sufetula / Sbeitla, Édifice des Saisons	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 1443.2 m2	4th–5th century (Duval 1964, 99)	1–3) 4th–5th century (Duval 1964, 99)	"1) fountain built in elevation, elongated open-air space flanking main reception hall to SE, apse at SW end
semicircular basin set into preexisting wall niche (W 2.5 m, max. D 1.75 m).
Duval and Baratte (1973, 68) record that the remains of the hydraulic installations belonging to #1 and #2 are visible and that windows probably communicated between the two elongated open-air spaces and the main reception hall without specifying further details.

2) fountain built in elevation, elongated open-air space flanking main reception hall to NW, apse at SW end
semicircular basin set into preexisting wall niche, (W 2.25, max. D 1.8 m).
Decorated with mosaics: depictions of ducks on the floor and geometric motifs and vine scrolls on the walls (ibid., 68).

3) basin, NE of peristyle court and adjacent to a corridor (plan does not extend further for details of the surrounding area)
rectangular basin, closed by stone slabs and lined in hydraulic mortar."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 202	"Duval and Baratte 1973, 65–68
Rebuffat 1973, 457, 469
Letzner 1990, 340–341, no. 142, fig. 52.2
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, 2: 201–203
Perich Roca 2014, 72"	35.242500, 9.115833
D.NA33	Thamugadi / Timgad, Maison de Sertius	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 3,600 m2	3rd–5th century? (Malek 2021)	1–2) 3rd–5th century? (Malek 2021)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle court P, offset to W
rectangular basin (L c. 7.4 m; W c. 2.4 m) of vertical slabs fitting into stone blocks and divided into two parts; at its E end was a semicircular basin (diam. c. 60 cm) lined in white marble, decorated with bas-reliefs: on the right, two characters maneuvering a boat equipped with a mast, in the middle, a man, lying on a bed, who puts his hand on another man standing; on the left, a fifth character in a second boat, the boat hook in his hand. This bas-relief is very damaged (Boeswillwald, Cagnat, and Ballu 1905, 332).
Underneath the basin was a cavity that seems to have been used for fish-breeding (ibid., 333). A gutter ran along its perimeter.

2) basin, court, across almost the entire width of the inner garden
rectangular basin (L c. 6.2 m; W c. 1.8 m)."	None recorded.	Boeswillwald, Cagnat and Ballu 1905, 326, fig. 156	"Boeswillwald, Cagnat and Ballu 1905, 329–333, figs 156–162
Merlin 1913, 40, note 4
Thébert 1987, 367–368, fig. 24
Malek 2021 (online, https://roman-gardens.github.io/province/numidia/thamugadi/house_of_sertius/)"	circa 35.483148, 6.467723
D.NA34	Thuburbo Maius, Maison de Bacchus et Ariadne	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 1650 m2 exposed	3rd–5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 214)	"1) 4th century (Sear 1977, 165)
2) early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 214)"	"1) ground-level fountain, courtyard garden, E side, projected into garden and faced the raised, columnar entrance to the largest reception hall
semicircular basin (W 2.20 m, D 1.10 m), adorned with mosaic pavement depicting the head of Oceanus on a white background. Its interior walls were covered with mosaics of nereids and sea monsters against a wavy backdrop. The border featured a polychrome xenia motif with artichokes (Jashemski 1995, 562-563). The straight side of the fountain basin was closed by two slabs of green marble joined to a post of local brown veined marble at the center (Alexander and Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1994, 63).
Lantier (1944, 281) uncovered a pipe that created a fountain jet from the mouth of Oceanus: “la presque totalité du visage a disparu, sauf la bouche largement ouverte, vomisssant l'eau amenée dans la fontaine, par une canalisation de plomb débouchant précisément à l'emplacement même de la bouche.” A drainage hole is located at the bottom of the semicircular wall.

2) basin, peristyle garden, NW corner, built within the first intercolumniation of W portico, projected into garden and faced the entrance to the hall
semicircular basin (W 1.9 m, D 1.29 m; H 56 cm) built with blocks covered by hydraulic plaster. The basin's pavement is adorned with polychrome geometric mosaic evoking waves and its inner walls covered with polychrome tesserae in panels depicting ears of millet and imitating cipollino marble. A drainage hole is located at the bottom of the semicircular wall."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 215	"Lantier 1944, 280–282
Sear 1977, 165, pl. 67
Alexander and Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1994, 42–44, 63–64, no. 375, 391A, pls XVI, XXVI, XXVII, LXXIII, LXXV, LXXVI, plan 9
Jashemski 1995, 562–564, fig. 4
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 214–217
Novello 2003, 65
Carucci 2007, 33–35
Molholt 2008, 45–46, 185–186, fig. 13"	36.402769, 9.904987
D.NA35	Thuburbo Maius, Maison de Neptune	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 1022 m2	early 3rd-century foundation, reorganization already in the 1st half of the 3rd century, embellishment in the late 3rd/early 4th century, insertion of productive structures in the late 4th/early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 240)	1) 3rd century, decorated in the late 3rd/early 4th century with marine mosaic (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 240)	"1) basin, peristyle garden, SW side, projecting into the inner peristyle garden, is set within the second intercolumniation in front of the central entrance of the main reception room
semicircular basin (W 3.28 m; radius 2.1 m) built in small blocks. Its walls were clad with black marble slabs, and its floor paved with a mosaic depicting Neptune on a chariot and fishermen in a sea full of fish. A 20-cm-high marble slab set between the two columns served as the parapet across the straight side."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 241	"Alexander et al. 1980, 140–143, 158–161, fig. 8, plan 30
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 240–243
Novello 2003, 65, fig. 4
Molholt 2008, 186–187, figs 124–126"	36.401209, 9.903113
D.NA36	Thuburbo Maius, Maison de Nicentius	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 286 m2	late 2nd/early 3rd-century foundation, renovation in the early 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 221)	"1) ? late 2nd/early 3rd century, refaced with mosaic in the early 4th century 
2) ? late 2nd/early 3rd century (Alexander et al. 1980, 40)"	"1) basin, peristyle, NE portico, set in the central intercolumniation, projecting into garden, facing the columnar entrance to the largest reception hall
semicircular basin (W 1.7 m; radius 80 cm; H 39 cm) built of small blocks, paved with mosaic depicting a sea of fish; the interior walls feature scenes of Erotes on boats.

2) basin, peristyle, SE portico, set in the SE-most intercolumniation, projecting into garden, facing the entrance to another reception hall 9
semicircular basin (W 1.3, radius 85 cm; max. pres. H 39 cm), built of small blocks, paved with floral motif in mosaic with walls lined with white and pinkish limestone slabs. A black marble slab closed the front of the basin (Alexander et al. 1980, 43)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 222	"Alexander et al. 1980, 39–40, 42–45, fig. 2, pls XVI–XVII, plan 11
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 221–222
Novello 2003, 65
Carucci 2006, 85–86, 160, 190, 203, 452–454
Carucci 2007, 179–180, fig. 44
Dessales 2013b, 366"	36.401944, 9.904524
D.NA37	Thuburbo Maius, Maison des Palmes	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 321.5 m2	founded in early 3rd century, renovations in mid-3rd century and later (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 237)	1) post mid-3rd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 237)	"1) basin, occupies NW portico across the entire width of inner courtyard (basin W defined by the two columns at its N and S ends), facing the largest reception hall
semicircular basin (W 2.2 m, radius 1.38 m), decorated with polychrome zigzag mosaic. Its interior walls were once lined with marble (Alexander et al. 1980, 127). A lead pipe was pierced in its SE wall; adjacent to the opening of the cistern under the courtyard."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 238	"Poinssot and Lantier 1925, 256
Alexander et al. 1980, 115–116, 127, pls XXV–XXVI
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 237–239"	36.401425, 9.903259
D.NA38	Thuburbo Maius, Maison des Protomés	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 929.78 m2 exposed	mid-4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 245)	1–3) mid-4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 245)	"1) basin, peristyle, center
rectangular basin with rounded corners (L 3.8 m, W 1.3 m). Built with small masonry blocks, its outer walls were plastered and painted to imitate Numidian marble; the interior was also plastered and painted, but the remains are not sufficient to reveal the design. 
A lead pipe supplied the basin, another pipe in the W corner served to evacuate the water.

2) basin, peristyle, NE end, set between the central intercolumniation, projecting into garden
semicircular basin (W 2.4 m, radius 1.3 m), paved with mosaic depicting birds and a hare. 

3) basin, peristyle, SW end, set between the central intercolumniation, projecting into garden
semicircular basin (W 2.4 m, radius 1.35 m), the internal walls were decorated with marine scenes in polychrome mosaic and the exterior wall was originally also decorated with mosaic (Brulhart 1995, 13). Paved with white marble tesserae (Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1987, 36).

Two rainwater cisterns are located in the same peristyle court. A connector ran between one of the cisterns and #1 and #3 (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 247)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 246	"Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1987, 29–38, figs 1–2, no. 269–271
Brulhart 1995, 13, 81
Sodini 1995, 182, figs 43–44
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 245–248
Novello 2003, 65"	36.399686, 9.903057
D.NA39	Thuburbo Maius, Maison du Char de Venus	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 687.48 m2 exposed	4th century, post AD 317, updates to the mosaics in the later 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 249)	1) 4th century, post AD 317 (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 249)	"1) basin, polygonal peristyle, interior
polygonal peristyle paved with a mosaic imitating book-matched slabs of Carystian marble. The surface of the court served as an impluvium as rainwater could drain into the cistern below; Barry (2007, 632–633) suggests that the drainage might have been intentionally blocked for visual effects evoking a water mirror.

A rainwater collector (with five distribution holes) and a manhole for rainwater were identified in the W corner of the peristyle, as well as a square parapet for a cistern on the E side of the same court. A small unadorned rectangular basin lined with limestone was identified in the corridor to the NW of the hall (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 251).

The house's main hall features three oblong apses extending to its S; their pavements depict a sea full of fish with three boats of fishermen occupying the polygonal section of mosaic joining the apses to the rest of the hall. These apses were not the right size or shape to accommodate couches; Février (1996, 885) remarks that they appear as a decoration to be seen from the square part of this reception room in the manner of a fountain with three niches."	None recorded.	Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1987, plan 7	"Ben Abed-Ben Khader 1987, 61–62, 70, 84–88, fig. 8, pl. XXXIV, plans 6–7
Février 1996, 885
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 249–251
Barry 2007, 632–633, note 53
Molholt 2008, 36–38, 45, fig. 10"	36.399537, 9.901807
D.NA40	Thuburbo Maius, Maison n. 13	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 590 m2	second half of the 3rd century (NE area); 4th century (SW sector) (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 218)	"1) 4th century
2) subsequent, non-dated phase (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 218)"	"1) basin, court, SE portico, set between two columns of the portico (only the column sub-bases survive), projecting into the court and facing reception room 4
semicircular basin (W 2 m, radius 1.1 m) built of small limestone blocks in between two columns of the portico. The basin was paved in polychrome geometric mosaic (wavy lines). A small drainage hole was identified in the floor.  

2) basin, court, SW corner, facing rectangular hall to the SW
semicircular basin (W 2.05 m, radius 1.4 m), possibly a fountain basin (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 218–219), revetted with marble slabs. A water intake hole was identified at the top of the wall, and a drainage hole in the pavement of polychrome zigzag mosaic (Brulhart 1995, 82)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 218	"Alexander et al. 1994, 5–8, 47–50, pl. III
Brulhart 1995, 82
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 218–219"	36.402531, 9.905462
D.NA41	Thugga / Dougga, Maison de Dionysos et d'Ulysse	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated	third quarter of the 3rd century on top of earlier structures, additional renovations not able to be dated (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 269)	1–3) 2nd half of 3rd century (Poinssot 1965, 229)	"1) basin, courtyard, center
quadrilateral basin (max. L 2.65 m; W 1.8 m) with straight long sides and concave short ends paved with simple white mosaic.

2 & 3) basins, courtyard, on either short end of #1
semicircular basins (W 1.20 m) adorned with mosaic scenes of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks (Inv. Bardo no. 2885). 
The straight side of the semicircular basin on the E side faced in the direction of the entrance of the main triclinium, but was off-center rather than directly aligned. The mosaic-paved court surrounding the basins included the episodes of Ulysses and the sirens as well as Dionysos and Tyrhennian pirates (Poinssot 1965, 229–230).

Two rainwater cisterns were found just beyond the NE portico of the peristyle, and a well to the E of the house (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 270)."	None recorded.	Poinssot 1965, fig. 1	"Poinssot 1965, 219–220, 229, figs 1–2
Letzner 1990, 460, no. 362
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 269–270
Carucci 2006, 75"	36.42174266828102, 9.2182591412187
D.NA42	Thugga / Dougga, Maison de Vénus	North Africa	urban house	partially excavated, 400 m2 exposed	3rd century, embellishment phase between the 4th and early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 266)	1) 3rd century with 4th-century mosaics and later restorations to the marine mosaic (Jeddi 1999, 225; Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 266)	"1) basin, court, offset towards SW, faced a wide portico and hall to the W
rectangular basin (L 5.45 m, W 2.80 m). The basin was paved with marine scenes encircled by a floral border in mosaic, of which only fragments remain in the E end. What survives illustrates a triumph of Venus standing in front of a large conch with an erote offering her a mirror to her right and a Nereid and a Triton. In the background is a fish-filled sea with erotes swimming (Jeddi 1999, 222–226, pl. XCI.2–4)
The basin was equipped with a drain, and a rectangular orifice of a rainwater cistern was found in the same court (ibid., 212)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 267	"Jeddi 1999, 212, 222–226, 230–231, pls LXXXVIII.1; XCI.2–4; XCII.1
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 266–267"	36.4220902679344, 9.217543997039122
D.NA43	Thysdrus / El Jem, Maison dit du Portrait de Lucius Verus	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area > 2500m2	3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 285)	1–2) 3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 285)	"1) pool, peristyle garden, center
lengthy rectangular pool (euripus) with curved short ends (L 10.75 m, W 1 m). An oval-shaped fistula found arriving from the SE corner of the house, which was probably connected to a public fountain or basin in the adjacent civic square (Slim 1990, 190).

The House of Lucius Verus is only known house at Thysdrus with piped running water, though it also was equipped with 12 cisterns. A 20-cm-wide channel ran around the perimeter of the garden. The house's piped connection and perhaps also wastewater from the pool would have flowed into the channel, which appears to have watered the garden through two outlets on the W side (Wilson 1997, 165). 

A decorative apse set within the central intercolumniation of the W side of the inner peristyle did not contain water, but its positioning evoked the traditional placement of basins in North African houses."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 286	"Slim 1990, 190–192, fig. 8
Saliou 1994, 118–119, fig. 44
Slim 1996, 57–65, 75–76
Wilson 1997, 165–166
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 285–287
Casagrande 2003, 257, note 15
Novello 2003, 67
Zanovello 2003, 311"	circa 35.290295650901754, 10.704834145110935
D.NA44	Thysdrus / El Jem, Maison du Paon	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 1800 m2	early 3rd century (first phase on earlier structures), renovations in the second half of the 4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 313)	"1) early 3rd century 
The decorative niche was added in the 4th-century refurbishment of the peristyle (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 313)"	"1) basin, secondary court 48, E side, facing the entrance to a probable reception hall 51
semicircular basin set between the small court's corner columns.

A decorative niche with with stuccoed walls and a marine mosaic pavement stood in the traditional position in the intercolumniation facing the largest hall; however, it was not a basin, though it did contain an entrance to one of the house's six rainwater cisterns (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 315). 
Drains in the pavement of the peristyle galleries channeled rainwater into ceramic pipes feeding an underground channel around three sides of the peristyle, while part of the runoff was fed into the garden to water plants (Wilson 1997, 116–117)."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 314	"Slim 1990, 193–199
Wilson 1997, 116–117
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 313–316"	circa 35.28975034709716, 10.70592511974644
D.NA45	Uthina, Maison d'Industrius	North Africa	urban house	almost fully excavated, 900 m2 exposed	3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 330)	1) 3rd/4th century, later addition of square cistern (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 330)	"1) basin, peristyle garden, NE corner
semicircular basin (W 2.5 m), later attached to square cistern (c. 75 cm / side) on its N side. The basin's exterior was faced in painted red plaster. Connected to a channel running along the N, E, and W sides of the garden."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 331	"Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 330–332
Novello 2003, 68"	36.608491198213514, 10.17108289520733
D.NA46	Utica, Maison de la Cascade	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 1174.8 m2	early 1st-century foundation, alterations in the late 1st/early 2nd century, late 2nd/early 3rd century, and late 4th/early 5th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 351)	"1) late 2nd/early 3rd century; mosaic and adjacent cascade panel added in late 4th/early 5th century
2–5) late 2nd/early 3rd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 351–353)"	"1) ground-level fountain, courtyard 8, offset to W
shallow rectangular basin (L 1.92; W 1.24 m) to which a sloping panel (L 1.1m; W 1.02 m) was added in the late 4th/early 5th century, along with a new mosaic pavement and wall decoration. The lower basin was decorated with a polychrome mosaic of a fishing scene on a dark background. Moray eels, torpedoes, octopuses, lobsters, shrimps, wolves and others are caught in a net that two sailors haul towards their boat (Cintas 1954, 147). The canted ramp depicts fish and sea creatures on a white background. Its sides were lined with pink marble from Chemtou. A mosaic on the wall of the hall just behind the upper wall of the ramp featured two facing peacocks and sprays of roses. 
A rectangular cut out in the upper part of the panel preserved traces of a square fountain base and lead pipe (ibid., 147); the panel's slope would have created a cascade effect. At its base was a low wall covered with two africano marble slabs (added later since it crops the heads of the two fisherman), and the pavement has been roughly repaired near the drain (Picard 1954, 167).

2) freestanding fountain, peristyle garden, center
shallow rectangular basin, the majority of which was filled by a marble-faced masonry structure articulated with semicircular and rectangular niches. Multiple channels and fistula fragments were found, suggesting the presence of fountain jets. Water from the fountain jets would have flowed into the marble-lined channels cut into the base and then spilled into the surrounding basin.
Its full length is visible from the largest reception hall 4. The connection between the reception hall and the fountain basin is underscored by a rich marble pavement, which extends through the only open intercolumniation on that side of the peristyle to reach the basin (Novello 2003, 52).

3) basin, corridor 2, S wall, center, on axis with the house's main entrance
rectangular basin (L 1.79 m; W 72 cm) covered with marble plaques and with marble slab panel in front. Paved with mosaic marine scenes. Two marble pillars which supported a melon-fluted marble basin were found in the floor (Brulhart 1995, 83). Connected to an underground well by a channel. Drainage hole at the bottom of the wall.

4) basin, peristyle garden, between the central intercolumniation of the N end, projecting into the garden, facing hall 11
semicircular basin (W 1.70 m; radius 1.16 m), the bottom half of its walls were lined with marble with nonextant mosaic above and its floor paved with mosaic marine scenes of a lower-quality than #1 and #3. Probably connected to the well or to the central basin though a square hole. Drainage hole in bottom right side.

5) basin, courtyard 5, slightly offset to W, occupying most of the width, facing hall 7, roughly framed by the court's columns
rectangular basin (L c. 2.5 m; max W c. 1.75 m) stripped of its decor (Cintas 1954, 147)."	A small marble statuette of a fisherman sitting next to a tidal basket and a dolphin (H 25 cm) was discovered in vicinity of #2 in the garden (Cintas 1954, 149); In the garden, several fragments of sculptures were found, including a standing satyr (c. 1 m high), which Cintas (1954, 153) believes would have adorned #2. A late 2nd/early 3rd-century marble statue of a reclining nymph or the sleeping Ariadne found to the W of the house may have once adorned #3 closest to the entrance (Cintas 1951, 83–84, fig. 42; Molholt 2008, 191).	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 352	"Cintas 1951, 80–84, fig. 38
Cintas 1954, 147–153, figs 73–78
Picard 1954, 162–167, pl. 2
Lézine 1968, 117–123, figs 21, 23
Alexander et al. 1973, 22, 53–56, pl. XXV
Brulhart 1995, 83
Baldini Lippolis 2001, 75, 319–320
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 351–354
Ghiotto 2003b, 246–247, fig. 8
Molholt 2008, 188–192, figs 127–132
Barbet 2013, 21–25, figs 9–17"	"37.056456, 10.062081
37° 03′ 23.24″ N, 10° 03′ 43.49″ E "
D.NA47	Utica, Maison du Bassin Figuré	North Africa	urban house	"partially excavated, c. 195 m2 exposed
"	early 1st-century AD foundation, enlarged in the late 1st century, 4th/5th-century remodeling, especially in the area of the court (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 344; on the late updates as 5th century, Sodini 1995, 183, note 163)	"1) second half of the 4th century (mosaic pavement)
2) ? 2nd century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 344)"	"1) basin, peristyle garden, SW corner, facing the entrance portal of the house's main hall
semicircular basin (W 1.39 m, radius 97 cm). The front wall of the fountain is formed by a marble slab, and its interior curved wall was lined with marble with a mosaic frieze above (Alexander et al. 1973, 126–127). Paved with polychrome geometric mosaic. Traces of standing figures and parts of boats are visible on the basin's curvilinear wall. On the basin's edge are depicted two peacocks.

2) basin, secondary entrance vestibule, set against E wall
small rectangular basin."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 344	"Lézine 1964, 120–122
Alexander et al. 1973, 126–128, plans 22–23, pls LVI–LIX
Letzner 1990, 370, no. 197, fig. 76.1
Sodini 1995, 183, note 163
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 344–345
Novello 2003, 70
Leone 2007, 62"	37.057065, 10.061934
D.NA48	Utica, Maison du Trésor	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated, ground floor surface area 640 m2	2nd-century foundation on earlier structures, updates in the 3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 348)	1) 3rd/4th century (Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 348)	"1) basin, court, S end, between the central intercolumniation, facing the columnar entrance to the house's main hall
irregular semicircular basin (W c. 2.86 cm, max. radius 1.26 m) decorated with polychrome mosaic. Connected to a well."	None recorded.	Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 349	"Lézine 1968, 112, no. 5
Alexander et al. 1973, 14–15, plan 4, pl. LXII
Bullo and Ghedini 2003, vol. 2, 348–350
Novello 2003, 69"	37.056560, 10.061845
D.NA49	Volubilis, Maison au Cortège de Vénus	North Africa	urban house	fully excavated	2nd-century house, late 3rd/early 4th-century refurbishment (mosaics), probably abandoned in the early 5th century (Walker 2018, 40–43)	1–2) ? late 3rd/early 4th century (Walker 2018, 41–42, phase 3)	"1) basin, secondary courtyard in SW sector, E wall, facing two halls across a small planted garden
U-shaped basin with projecting central apse on E side (max L c. 5.5 m; max. W c. 2 m).

2) basin, peristyle, center
I-shaped basin (max. L c. 7.75 m; max. W c. 2.5 m).

The shape of the corner blocks of the walls of basin #1 suggests that they are contemporary with those of the pool in the main peristyle, and that both were supplied by the same water source (Walker 2018, 41–42)."	A marble statue of a river god, found in the adjacent hall is a likely candidate to have decorated one of the water features. A bronze lion's head fountain spout (measuring c. 20 cm, now in the Rabat Museum) and a tap in the shape of a deer’s head were found in a reception room opening onto the peristyle (Walker 2018, 42).	Morvillez 2018, 43–44, fig. 1.22A	"Thouvenot 1958, 84, pl. XXIV
Étienne 1960, 77–80, pl. XVII
Boube-Piccot 1969, 230–231, no. 263
Rebuffat 1969, 669, no. 17
Wilson 1997, 163–164
Morvillez 2018, 43–44, figs 1.22A–B
Walker 2018, 41–42, fig. 2.18
Walker 2020, 19–21"	34.075227803845856, -5.552808387770968
V.BR1	Bignor, Villa at Bignor	Britain	rural villa	extensively excavated	3rd-century foundation on top of earlier structures, monumentalization in the first half of the 4th century (Frere et al. 1982, 137–140)	1) first half of the 4th century (Sodini 1995, 152, fig. 1)	"1) ground-level fountain, hall (""Summer Dining Room""), center
hexagonal fountain (diam. c. 1.22 m; D 50 cm), with a 14-cm-wide step set within the basin c. 25 cm from the floor, creating an overflow channel. Lined with fine white limestone slabs, including a 24-cm-wide border with outer lip. Its diameter is aligned parallel to the back of the room. Evidence of a supply pipe and an evacuation conduit was found to the N and S of the room respectively, and an outlet (diam. c. 7.6 cm) found in the floor of the basin (Lysons 1817, 205; Frere et al. 1982, 142–143, fig. 3). Frere et al. (1982, 168–169) propose the presence of a nearby header tank to keep the basin from overflowing and to power a fountain jet (estimated to have reached c. 60 cm high).
The central hexagonal fountain was surrounded by six hexagonal mosaic panels portraying dancing nymphs (all facing outwards), while the mosaic pavement at the opposite, narrower end of the hall featured a medallion with the scene of Ganymede being abducted by Zeus."	None recorded.	Frere et al. 1982, 138, 140, figs 2–3	"Lysons 1817, 204–205
Frere et al. 1982, 142–143, 168–169, figs 2–3, pl. X
Scott 2000, 121–123, figs 57, 68
Sodini 1995, 152, fig. 1
Esmonde Cleary 2016, 341, figs 3, 8"	50.92484199803854, -0.5957287920855251
V.BR2	Brading, Villa at Brading	Britain	rural maritime villa	extensively excavated	late 1st/early 2nd-century construction of an aisled hall, baths, and another small building, expansion in the 3rd and early 4th centuries (Cunliffe 2013, 267–270)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Cunliffe 2013, 270)	"1) fountain built against wall, courtyard garden, set within the W wall, just N of the residential nucleus
semicircular basin within a rectangular foundation (W 2.4 m; D 2.7 m) with the straight side along the courtyard wall. Built with limestone slabs, probably once covered with a semi-dome (Cunliffe 2013, 113). Water was supplied from the NW via a wooden pipe; iron collars (int. diam. 1.4 cm) were found, suggesting that the pipe was divided into 2.7-meter-long sections.
At a later, undated phase, the basin was blocked with a wall section that continued along the length of the courtyard boundary wall."	None recorded.	Cunliffe 2013, 23, 110, figs 2.22, 6.1	Cunliffe 2013, 110–116, 270, figs 2.2, 6.1, 6.6–7	50.6737848700973, -1.15276278855052
V.BR3	Chedworth, Villa at Chedworth	Britain	rural villa	partially excavated	2nd-century foundation, rebuilt in the early 3rd century, expanded and embellished in the early 4th century and again in the later 4th century (Goodburn 1972, 7)	1) early 4th century (Goodburn 1972, 24)	"1) basin, apsidal structure at NW corner of the villa, along central axis, offset towards the frontal entrance
octagonal basin at the center of a curved exedra (pres. H 2 m). The basin was built of stone slabs with a reservoir below. Fed via an open stone-lined gutter on the site of a natural spring; estimated capacity c. 4775 liters (Goodburn 1972, 24). The water was channeled through a lead pipe into a trough, perhaps a junction box that controlled its distribution throughout the villa.
Chi-rho symbols were found carved into three of the stone blocks that were once part of the coping of the octagonal basin, which was dismantled in the later 4th century (Perring 2002, 182). One was later reused in the parapet of a basin in the west baths (Goodburn 1972, 28)."	Reused architectural fragments were employed in the construction of the basin. Locally produced statuary found in association with the villa include a "possible base of a Lar (Henig 1993, no. 43) and a votive relief of the Cotswold hunter God (ibid., no. 110), and a statue of Diana; more loosely provenanced from Chedworth: a hooded genius and three altars with warrior god reliefs (Lenus Mars) (ibid., no. 21, 99, 126–128)."	Esmonde Cleary 2016, 337, fig. 4	"Goodburn 1972, 6–7, 24, 28, fig. 3, pl. 11
Letzner 1990, 349
Henig 1993, nos. 43, 99, 110, 126–128
Perring 2002, 182
Hurst 2012, 24–25
Esmonde Cleary 2016, 336, fig. 4
Barresi 2018, 240–241, fig. 3"	51.81970545797055, -1.924340808970424
V.BR4	Woodchester, Villa at Woodchester	Britain	rural villa	partially excavated	late 1st/early 2nd-century foundation, embellishment in the late 2nd/early 3rd and in the first half of the 4th century (Clarke 1982, 217–219)	1) first quarter of the 4th century (Clarke 1982, 219)	"1) basin, square hall, center
central basin, probably octagonal, once set within the destroyed central part of the intricate mosaic pavement depicting Orpheus charming the beasts in a composition of concentric circles with water nymphs featured in the spandrels. Accentuated by columns at the four corners. Traces of water staining were found around the center of the pavement, attesting to the former presence of a water feature (Scott 1995, 116, note 4). Remains of a still-functional aqueduct in the vicinity would have allowed for a pressurized water feature at its center, which would also explain the off-center positioning of Orpheus (Cosh and Neal 2010, 215–217).

According to a note on an 18th-century drawing by Bradley (31.07.1722; BM Add. MS 5238, folio 3), the center of the basin at Woodchester featured a mosaic of fish and a star roughly at the center (Cosh and Neal 2010, 217)."	None recorded.	Hurst 2012, 17, fig. 3	"Lysons 1817, pls XXVI–XXVII
Scott 1995, 116–118, note 4, fig. 8.8
Stirling 2005, 190–192
Cosh and Neal 2010, 214–217, 222, figs 227–233
Hurst 2012, 20, figs 3, 5"	51.726862602206374, -2.2340045319900246
V.GA1	Arnesp, Villa de Valentine	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 8,400 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	high Imperial structures, at least two phases of renovation and embellishment in the 4th century (and perhaps 5th?) (Balmelle 2001, 424)	1) 4th century (Balmelle 2001, 424)	"1) pool, sigma peristyle / entrance vestibule, center
semicircular pool (W 14 m; radius 9.53 m; D 1.60 m). Three marble steps on both the E and W sides would have allowed entry into the pool. The pool was lined with local Saint Béat marble and surrounded by marble columns, whereas the portico was paved with mosaic. Along the long side of the pool was a large porticoed gallery across from which was an octagonal hall (Balmelle 2001, 153)."	None recorded.	Balmelle 2001, 425, fig. 325	"Fouet 1971
Fouet 1978
Balmelle 2001, 130, 153–154, 169, 222, no. 64, fig. 325
Gorges 2008, 37, fig. 4"	"43.100368603383586, 0.7211906552068224
[circa 43.09424349916429, 0.6875504652617175]"
V.GA2	Blanzy-lès-Fismes, Villa de Blanzy-lès-Fismes	Gaul	rural villa	very partially excavated	late 4th century (Balmelle and Darmon 2017, 278)	1) late 4th century (Balmelle and Darmon 2017, 278)	"1) freestanding fountain, central court of a 3-apsed building, center
round marble-lined basin (diam. 3 m; D 1 m) whose water supply still existed at the time of discovery. The bottom of the basin was pierced with small holes (for evacuation?). The watercolor depicts a central base with vertical pillar, but it is not described in the description of the fountain remains.
The court was adorned with a rectangular mosaic pavement about 10 m long and 7 m wide, of which the eastern part, representing Orpheus, was relatively well preserved (c. 6.30 x 3.30 m). The W part, on the contrary, was destroyed, except for a fragment (1.90 m x 32 cm) adjacent to the basin, which was decorated with fish."	None recorded.	Stern 1955, 45, fig. 4	"Stern 1955, 42, 65–66, figs 2, 4, 7
Lavin 1963, 264
De Vos 1993, 91
Balmelle and Darmon 2017, 275–278, figs 373–375"	circa 49.33814375088428, 3.66990237197648
V.GA3	Châteauneuf-du-Rhône, Villa du Palais	Gaul	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 5000 m2 exposed	early Imperial structures, expanded in the 2nd/3rd century and again in second half of the 4th century, occupied into the 5th century (Béal, Landry and Blaizot 2023, section 4.6)	"1) second half of the 4th century
2) 2nd/3rd century (Béal, Landry and Blaizot 2023, section 4.6)"	"1) fountain built against wall, peristyle, W portico, center
semicircular basin sheltered by the overhang of the portico, the base of which supports a flattened vault (Béal 2002, 285).

2) pool, peristyle garden, centered along E-W axis, offset to N, visible from the biapsidal hall on the opposite side of the peristyle
biapsidal pool (L more than 25 m, W 9–10 m)."	None recorded.	Béal, Landry and Blaizot 2023, figs 130, 207	"Béal 2002, 284–285, fig. 3
Béal 2015 (online)
Béal, Landry and Blaizot 2023, sections 4.3–4.6"	circa 44.54885828445305, 4.748851778542798
V.GA4	Fondettes, Villa de Châtigny-Fondettes	Gaul	rural villa	partially excavated	3rd–6th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1983, 77; Blanchard-Lemée 1991, 76)	1) ? 5th/6th century (Blanchard-Lemée 1983, 77; Blanchard-Lemée 1991, 76)	"1) freestanding fountain, triconch hall, center
octagonal basin (diagonal 1.95 m, D 1.06 m) connected to an open water supply channel that ran N-S. Blanchard-Lemée (1983, 77) reconstructs a possible fountain base based on fragments of wall plaster painted with red and blue bands and pieces of plaster inlaid with shells of small river mussels that were found in the gutter. It is likely that the plaster embellished with shells was part of the masonry mass that belonged to the base of a fountain that was connected to the basin and fed by the piped supply. The hall's mosaic pavement was organized concentrically around the central octagonal fountain, whereas its walls were once adorned with opus sectile revetment (Blanchard-Lemée 1991, 76).

The ruins of an aqueduct were found c. 150 meters to the W of the villa remains."	None recorded.	Provost 1988, 107, fig. 43	"Blanchard-Lemée 1983, 77–78, pls 49, 50.1
Provost 1988, 107, fig. 43
Letzner 1990, 321, no. 106, fig. 37.1
Blanchard-Lemée 1991, 73–76, fig. 4"	47.39084324812732, 0.5895580240860133
V.GA5	Jurançon, Villa de Pont d'Oly	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 2,000 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	second half of the 4th or early 5th century (Fabre 2006, 127–129)	1) late 4th/early 5th century (Fabre 2006, 127–129)	"1) freestanding, ground-level fountain, apsidal entrance vestibule to complex on the left bank of the Néez river, center
rectangular basin (L 5.5 m; W 3.25 m; D 25 cm) with a fountain jet at its center. Columns marked each of its four corners, and its walls were lined with marble. Its floor was paved with figural mosaic depicting fish, crustaceans, and shells."	None recorded.	Balmelle 2001, 356, fig. 273	"Balmelle 2001, 143, 153–154, 196, 329, 354–357, no. 21, figs 272–273, 346
Marchet 2004, 111–112
Fabre 2006, 126–129, fig. 1
Cabes 2012, 286
Balmelle and Darmon 2017, fig. 330"	circa 43.277293, -0.387721
V.GA6	La-Garenne-de-Nérac, Villa de Nérac	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 8,000 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 143)	undated earlier phase, rebuilding and embellishment in the late 4th/early 5th century (Balmelle 2001, 390–393, based on stylistic dating of mosaics)	1) late 4th/early 5th century (Balmelle 2001, 390–393, based on stylistic dating of mosaics)	"1) fountain built in elevation, marble court adjacent to the baths to the N, rear wall, facing tripartite entrance to hall and river beyond
rectilinear fountain wall (L 15.50 m) articulated with seven marble-lined semicircular niches (diam. 70 cm), with two larger, semicircular niches (diam. 2.9 m) on either end (Balmelle 2001, 199). The larger niches were paved with polychrome vegetal mosaic, the S one of which was found in almost perfect condition. Behind each of the larger niches was a recess with a curved interior side and a straight exterior side. In front of the seven smaller niches there seems to have been a shallow channel, and the space was paved with intricate opus sectile (Du Mège 1832–1833, 231). Behind the niches ran a narrow basin, which was supported on the opposite side by five small vaulted structures (Ibid., 180). Terracotta pipes connected the inner basin with the central vaulted structure to the E and with the drainage channel in the center of the court that then evacuated to the N. Du Mège (ibid., 181, note 1) hypothesized that the water supply came from the high ground behind the complex, but without providing any further details."	An arm and draped female torso of a late mythological statuette were found in the nearby river, which Stirling (1997, 170) suggests may have been displayed in one of the fountain niches. A hand with a cup was found in the area of the fountain and the baths; a diademed head and a base belonging to a late mythological statuette were found in the villa (Stirling 2005, 64–67). A statuette of a nymph along with other assorted fragments were also found in the early excavations (Joulin 1901, 12–13).	Balmelle 2001, 391, fig. 301	"Du Mège 1832–1833, 180–182, 226, pl. IX
Samazeuilh 1865, 451–452
Joulin 1901, 12–13
Fouet 1969, 131
Piot 1996
Stirling 1996, 227
Stirling 1997, 151–152, 170–171, pls 1–2
Balmelle 2001, 142–143, 183–185, 198–199, 227, 390–393, no. 39, figs 245, 300–302
Stirling 2005, 62–67, 81, fig. 29"	"44.133889, 0.341667
44° 08′ 02″ nord, 0° 20′ 30″ est"
V.GA7	Labastide d’Armagnac, Villa de Géou	Gaul	rural villa	partially excavated (peristyle: c. 1400 m2)	high Imperial foundation, completely rebuilt in the 4th century with another subsequent embellishment phase (Balmelle 2001, 357)	1) mid-4th century (Balmelle 2001, 357)	"1) basin, peristyle courtyard, along central N-S axis, offset to the S
round basin (diam. 7.4 m) with two small trapezoidal reinforcements on its E and W sides. In connection with a well on its W side."	None recorded.	Balmelle 2001, 358, fig. 275	"Bost 1977
Bost et al. 1984, 651–703
Balmelle 2001, 132–133, 357–359, no. 22, figs 275, 338, 449"	43.95772149230832, -0.14366249415434657
V.GA8	Lalonquette, Villa de Lalonquette	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 4,500 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	1st-century foundation, renovations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, completely rebuilt and monumentalized in the late 3rd and 4th centuries, modified into the 5th century (Lauffray et al. 1973, 135, 144–145; Réchin et al. 2006, 136–140)	"1) 4th century
2) 4th-century fountain on top of earlier basin (Lauffray et al. 1973, 146)"	"1) fountain built against wall, hall XLVII (paved with pink concrete), S wall, center
quadrangular basin set against the S wall of the hall. Connected to a cistern (Lauffray et al. 1973, 147).

2) freestanding fountain, peristyle, center
rectangular basin on top of which was built an aedicula on four supports: ""édicule sur quatre piles"" (ibid., 146). Built on top of a basin from the preceding phase. "	Fountain #2 reused a basin from a previous phase.	Lauffray et al. 1973, 149, fig. 26	"Lauffray et al. 1973, 144–147
Balmelle 2001, 133, no. 23, figs 40, 57, 276–277
Réchin et al. 2006, 136–142, figs 7–9"	43.50492314728367, -0.30572867212982574
V.GA9	Martres-Tolosane, Villa de Chiragan	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 18,000 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	early Imperial villa, which underwent at least three expansions (perhaps clustered in the 4th century) and was occupied well into the 5th century (Balmelle 2001, 367–368, citing problematic dating by Joulin 1902)	"1–4) ? 4th century
5) ? 2nd century (Balmelle 2001, 367–368, citing problematic dating by Joulin 1902)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, N courtyard, offset to the S, facing N
fountain in the shape of a T (L 8 m; W 7 m) in its lower part. The fountain was entirely covered with local St. Béat marble from the Pyrenées and was set in a space with a somewhat different plan, since its N part was surrounded on three sides by thick walls creating a slightly oversized apse (Marchet 2004, 112). The water supply was provided by a lead pipe with a nozzle identified along the E interior wall. The drainage system could not be clarified.

2) fountain built against wall, summer dining room, projecting from W side 
two concentric, marble-covered basins (Joulin 1902, 247). The inner round basin appears to have been equipped with a water inlet pipe. The water would therefore have flowed from the smaller, circular basin into the larger semicircular basin (Marchet 2004, 112). The outer basin had a drain pipe located in its N wall. 

3) freestanding fountain?, N end of the gallery (on the edge of a small canal)
aedicula with a semicircular apse (L 3 m; W 2 m), whose floor is covered with hydraulic concrete (Joulin 1902, 253, fig. 12)

4) basin, small secondary court associated with the summer dining room, N wall, center
rectangular impluvium basin with pilasters at each of its four corners, marble-lined (ibid., 246-248). Many statuary fragments were found within the basin.

5) basin, square room to the NE of the central peristyle, center
round basin."	The villa's statuary collection included over 120 statues ranging widely in date. More than 300 fragments of statuary, including two late mythological statuettes were recorded by Joulin (1902, 364) as having been found in the fill of #4 (Stirling 2005, 52, 54). A fountain figure of a nymph was found in the baths (Kapossy 1969, 18, 57).	Esmonde Cleary 2013, 229, fig. 5.14	"Joulin 1902, 246–248, 253, 263–264, 286, 358, 364–365, fig. 12
Kapossy 1969, 18, 57
Bergmann 1995, 197–206 
Bergmann 1999, 26–42
Balmelle 2001, 159, 367–369, no. 28
Marchet 2004, 112
Stirling 2005, 49–62, 81, figs 22–23
Stirling 2007, 311–316, fig. 9"	circa 43.19798399607596, 1.006177896362141
V.GA10	Moncrabeau, Villa de Bapteste	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 5,900 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	early Imperial structures, renovated in the 3rd century, completely rebuilt in the mid-4th century and further embellished in the 5th century (Jacques 2006, 92–98, 118)	1–3) mid-4th century (Jacques 2006, 93, 98)	"1) basin, rectangular marble-paved hall, along N wall
rectangular basin (L & W 1 m; D 20 cm) lined in marble (Balmelle 2001, 158). Water was evacuated through a conduit running along the N side of the villa. It could not be identified whether the basin was fed by a pipe placed at the top of the wall, or by a pipe positioned in the central part of the bottom, allowing a jet of water as at Pont-d'Oly (Marchet 2004, 114).

2) basin, small room to the S of the peristyle
rectangular basin.

3) basin, peristyle, location not recorded on plan
oval basin made of plaster (Balmelle 2001, 133)."	None recorded.	Balmelle 2001, 446, fig. 332	"Balmelle 2001, 133, 158, 174, 181, 227, 371–374
Marchet 2004, 114
Jacques 2006, 92–98, 118"	circa 44.05720375113734, 0.3864486910443839
V.GA11	Montmaurin, Villa de Montmaurin, Lassales	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 5,800 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	1st-century villa, completely rebuilt in the 4th century with two subsequent embellishment phases, occupied into the 5th century (Balmelle 2001, 379, 383–384)	"1–3) c. AD 330 no longer extant in the villa's final phase (Lavagne 1992, 223)
4–9) c. AD 330, subsequently transformed into flower boxes (Pailler 1987, 218–221)
10) early imperial? no longer extant in the villa's final phase
11–13) mid-4th century"	"1) fountain built against wall, apsidal room, NE side, apse
probable semicircular fountain (W 2.5 m; D 1.36 m) lined with marble and equipped with three tegulae underneath the no longer extant pavement (Fouet 1969, 79–80, no. 117). Its form and details remain uncertain since the upper part was not preserved in the final phase of the villa

2) ground-level fountain, porticoed garden, NW portico
three shallow rectangular basins aligned to form a stepped fountain built into the lower wall and floor of the NW portico. The water was supplied by the overflow of the adjacent baths and overflowed into the decorative marble drain cover just in front (Fouet 1969, 79–80; Lavagne 1992, 223; Bouet 1997–1998, 217; Balmelle 2001, 198).

3) basin, SW side of porticoed garden
rectangular basin (W 3.7 m; D c. 90 cm) marble-lined and surrounded by the marble columns of the portico. In the SW corner, a vertical conduit connected the evacuation outlet with the underground sewer. (Fouet 1969, no. 114).

4–9) basins, court to the NE of large peristyle, lining NW & SE side walls
six rectangular basins (H c. 1 m) lined with pink hydraulic cement and faced with marble. Two basins (#7 & 9; L 1.68 m; W 60 cm) still contained unopened oysters when excavated (Fouet 1969, 76). In the mid-4th-century renovation, the marble court was transformed into a garden and the basins into planters. 

10) basin, small court to the N of the large peristyle, center
quadrangular impluvium basin, no longer extant in the villa's final phase (ibid., 147).

11–12) basins, hall to the NE of the court to the NE of large peristyle, either side of the entrance
two small basins or fountains flanked either side of the entrance to the hall, according to Fouet (1969, 74, 129, fig. 39). They were connected to the drainage channels that also collected rainwater and evacuated into the adjacent apsidal garden. Fouet suggests that there was running water in this space, which he identifies as a summer triclinium (Balmelle 2001, 174).

13) basin, small court to the NW of the large peristyle, NW side, set within the intercolumniation of the inner court, projecting outwards towards the NW
semicircular basin (radius 60 cm) fed by rainwater (Fouet 1969, 68, basin 45).

A water connection was recorded by Fouet entering the portico to the NE of the bath suite, which he reports contained traces of a central fountain, mosaic decor, and statues, but no further details were given (ibid., 83, fig 23, room 142)."	One of the findspots for fragments of two late antique statuettes of figures from the myth of Venus and Adonis was in the porticoed garden (Fouet 1969, 131; Stirling 2005, 38–39, fig. 11), where a reused marble slab was found in the drainage channel and a reused drain cover was integrated in the NW portico floor.	Esmonde Cleary 2013, 220, fig. 5.11	"Fouet 1969, 68, 73–76, 79–80, 128–131, 145–148, figs 23, 39–40, pls XX, XXIIIA
Bourgeois 1974, 165
Pailler 1987, 218–221, figs 4, 11, 13–14
Letzner 1990, 507, no. 445
Lavagne 1992, 223
Bouet 1997–1998, 217
Balmelle 2001, 174, 198, 222, 227, 233–234, 379–385, no. 35, figs 120, 131, 292–294
Stirling 2005, 37–49, 80-81, figs 11–21
Esmonde Cleary 2013, 219–221, figs 5.11–12"	43.22539133672083, 0.6381176778907038
V.GA12	Montréal, Villa de Séviac	Gaul	rural villa	estimated expanse: 5,700 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	early 2nd-century villa, rebuilt and expanded in the mid-4th century and embellished in the 5th century (Gugole 2006, 52–54; Balmelle 2001, 239, 297–298)	1) mid-4th century (Gugole 2006, 55)	"1) basin, peristyle garden, W side, along the same central axis as the main reception room and entrance vestibule
apsidal basin (L c. 7.5 m; max D c. 2.5 m) with polygonal apse with lateral extension along the W edge of the portico projecting into the central garden. 

A channel (W 55 cm) covered with tegulae ran around the perimeter of the peristyle to collect rainwater; at each of the court's four corners was a collector basin (Gugole 2006, 54–55, note 24). The water was probably supplied from a spring to the west of the villa (Esmonde Cleary 2013, 219)."	The fragments of at least four portraits and two busts carved of yellow and pink Chemtou marble were found, mostly in the central peristyle; fragments of marble statuettes, including a torso of a cupid, a figure of Hygeia, and a wing, were also found at unidentified locations in the villa (see Stirling 2005, 69–70 for details).	Esmonde Cleary 2013, 218, fig. 5.10	"Lauzun 1911, 272–275
Aragon-Launet 1977, 329
Balmelle 2001, 109, 126, 132–133, 158, 239, 297–298, no. 38, figs 29, 44, 298, 331
Stirling 2005, 69–70
Gugole 2006, 52–69, fig. 1
Esmonde Cleary 2013, 218–219
Dessales 2013b, 92, fig. 36"	43.94420226949172, 0.18171135222316703
V.GA13	Saint-Émilion, Villa du Palat	Gaul	rural villa	partially excavated, estimated expanse: 3,700 m2 (Balmelle 2001, 124)	undated earlier structures (in the S sector), 5th-century construction of the villa (Balmelle 2001, 403, 405)	1–2) 5th century (Balmelle et al. 1980, 96)	"1) freestanding pedestal fountain, hall, center of SE side, just behind the threshold
octagonal basin (int. diam. 1.15 m, recessed 20 cm) with an integrated pedestal that probably supported a nonextant fountain basin. A 30-cm-high fragment of the round white marble colonnette with an octagonal base that housed a pipe was found in the vicinity, while its imprint was discernible at the center of the octagonal basin. Its sides were defined by low concrete walls (c. 75 cm thick) lined with white and mauve marble slabs, around which ran a 13-cm-wide gutter. The floor was paved in mosaic depicting blue fish and stylized algae on a white background. Traces of ancient repairs with larger tesserae were identified in the floor around the basin (Balmelle et al. 1980, 71).
The hydraulic arrangement is attested by traces of removed lead pipes. A 4-cm-wide pipe, coming from the W, passed under the mosaic of the basin and supplied the water to the central column. A pipe, placed within a gutter, evacuated the water to the NE.

2) pool, peristyle, on axis with the hall and parallel to the façade
elongated pool with apses on its short ends (L 60 m; W 7 m). The floor of at least the apsidal ends was paved with terracotta tiles (Balmelle 2001, 141).

Balmelle (2001, 141) mentions that the series of small rooms to the northeast of the mosaic hall, which probably formed one of the wings of a small peristyle, contained covered basins, but no further information is given as to their form, decor, or function."	None recorded.	Balmelle 2001, 452, fig. 345	"Balmelle et al. 1980, 62–65, 71, 96, figs 1–4, 6, 10–11
Letzner 1990, 319, no. 98, fig. 36
Balmelle 2001, 141–142, 158, 174–175, 227, 243, 300, 403–405, no. 50, figs 67, 345
Marchet 2004, 110–111, figs 2–3
Dessales 2013b, 358–359"	circa 44.895794462272676, -0.17116553143003152
V.GA14	Welschbillig, Villa von Welschbillig	Gaul	imperial rural villa	partially excavated	founded in early 4th century, expanded in the late 4th century (Métraux 2018, 417)	1–2) late 4th century (c. AD 375) (Métraux 2018, 417)	"1) fountain built in elevation, 2 m to the NE of the NE end of the pool, facing the portico
north-sided fountain wall with two lateral wings, an apse, and a central basin. The front wall facing the basin is built up to the height of 1 meter. Opposite the basin corners, the side walls of the middle space are recessed on both sides by about 2.40 m. Perpendicular to the fountain wall, the drainage channel of the pool runs through the room from SW to NE, supplying the fountain and cutting the space into equal halves (Wrede 1972, 26). Wrede (1972, 27) posits that the fountain was decorated with gold mosaic due to the finding of many gold glass tesserae in the NE area of the pool.

2) pool, porticoed garden, center
rectangular pool (L 58.30 m, W 17.8 m; D. c. 1.52 m) paved with limestone and sandstone flagstones. two, possibly three, facing pairs of apsidal exedras with internal basins and fistulae for fountain jets articulated the long sides. A central wall runs longitudinally across the basin in the form of a circus spina with fountains along its center (Métraux 2018, 416). While the excavations did not identify a supply channel (probably located on the narrow side of the basin to the SW), the evacuation channel was discovered on the NE side (Wrede 1972, 19). Wrede (1972, 22) believes it may have been used as a fishpond.
The pool was surrounded by a terracotta balustrade probably featuring more than 100 limestone herms, of which more than 70 have been found. They featured a variety of portraits (including divinities, philosophers, literary men, barbarians, emperors and perhaps empresses), all of which looked inward towards the pool. After the destruction of the basin balustrade and the surrounding buildings, the basin served as a convenient rubble pit.
Most of the herms are now in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier. "	The herms range in date from the entire Imperial period, indicating their reuse in the late 4th-century pool context (Métraux 2018, 417). According to recent scientific analysis, at least twenty of the herms were carved out of reused limestone (Henrich 2022). A fragmentary gravestone of Primanius Ursulus was found on the bottom of the basin, along with other reused funerary covers (Wrede 1972, 16, 18). More funerary material was visibly reused in the balustrade and pool (#2).	Wrede 1972, 15, fig. 3	"Hettner 1893, 18–37
Wrede 1972, 16–27, figs 2–3
Cüppers 1990, 436–437; 665–667, figs 607–609
Van Ossel 1992, 277–278, fig. 90
Stirling 2005, 2, 153
Métraux 2018, 416–417, figs 21.4–6
Barker 2021, 226–229, figs 1–4
Henrich 2022"	49.85314, 6.5684
V.GE1	Bad Kreuznach, Villa von Bad Kreuznach	Germania	rural villa 	extensively excavated	second quarter of the 2nd century on 1st-century structures, occupied through the end of the 3rd century (Ehmig 2005, 177–178)	1) mid-3rd century (Ehmig 2005, 177–178)	"1) freestanding fountain, apsidal dining hall, center
hexagonal fountain with a thick border (Wilson 2011, 70, fig. 10), lined in white marble. A polychrome geometric mosaic border outlines the hexagonal contour of the fountain. The surrounding mosaic floor features Oceanus and multiple scenes of maritime trade; the orientation of the scenes follows the lines of the hexagonal fountain’s sides."	None recorded.	Hornung 2011, fig. 6	"Parlasca 1959, 88–89
Cüppers 1990, 321–323, fig. 204 
Neira Jimenez 1997, 235–237, figs 14–16, 18–19
Ehmig 2005, 177–181
Hornung 2011, 26–27, fig. 6
Wilson 2011, 70–72, figs 8M, 10
Salido Domínguez and Neira Jiménez 2014, fig. 1
High-Steskal 2016, 109–111"	49.84776958267274, 7.854203881690731
V.HI1	Alameda, Villa de Cortijos de los Vila	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, no published plan	late Republican foundation, late 3rd/early 4th-century remodelling (Corrales Aguilar 2016, 401)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Corrales Aguilar 2016, 401)	"1) freestanding fountain, peristyle, center (probable)
Fragmentary fountain statue of Priapus bearing grapes and corn with a small erote at his feet. Only the lower part from the waist down is preserved (H 32.5 cm), but at the break in the abdomen is a circular hole through which water once have flowed over the fruit he is holding. The piece's usage as a fountain figure is corroborated by limestone concretions. The other hole visible below would have served to attach the no longer extant phallus. 
Found out of context, the sculpture may have originally stood on top of a marble-covered brick structure located in the center of the peristyle, which featured a garden delimited by a rectangular structure with rounded corners and semicircles on four sides.

Another possibility for the statue's original location as suggested by Loza Azuaga (1993, 178–179) is in the small room paved in opus signinum to the SW of the peristyle where a square brick base (1.05 x 1.05 m) covered in white marble with a lead pipe at its center was found."	A white marble fountain statue of Priapus (H 32.5 cm) dated to the mid-2nd century was found in the villa out of context.	No published plan.	"Baena del Alcázar 1980–1981, 143–145, 147, pl. 1
Arcos Von Haartman and Alvarez Rubiera 1988, 169–172
Loza Azuaga 1993b, 177–178, pls 1–2
Garcia-Entero 2003–2004, 63, note 22
García Entero 2005, 600
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 200
Corrales Aguilar 2016, 401–402, cat. no. 51"	37.215376, -4.658212
V.HI2	Almedinilla, Villa de El Ruedo	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 1350 m2 exposed, mostly the pars urbana	1st-century AD foundation, expanded in the 2nd century, rebuilt in the late 3rd/early 4th century, post mid-5th century industrial structures inserted into the E half of the villa, mainly hydraulic (Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997, 35–42)	1–3) late 3rd/early 4th century, later repairs (Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997, 60–73)	"1) fountain built in elevation, dining hall, N wall
fountain built in elevation consisting of a connecting channel and a descending ramp (W c. 2.75 m), fed by an upper reservoir tank. All three components extended beyond the room's N wall. A 90-cm-high wall flush with the N wall of the triclinium blocked the fountain ramp. The connecting channel was once paved with nonextant marble or ceramic slabs and preserves an indent for a sluice gate at its center. The ramp was lined with hydraulic moldings and white marble slabs, and its sides were frescoed with red imitation marble revetment. The front façade of the fountain was once framed by two columns of local Cabra limestone supporting brick vaulting and probably a triangular pediment, forming an aedicula. A curtain of water would have flowed down the ramp until reaching an outlet at the center of the front wall where it was funneled via a lead pipe into the couch.

2) water-equipped stibadium, dining hall, off-center
overextended semicircular structure (W 4.10 m, D max. 3.40 m) with a round central cavity (max. diam. 1 m; tank: diam. 66 cm; H 30 cm), set within which was an upper perimeter channel (W 10 cm; D 8 cm). The couch was made of brick covered with opus signinum, which preserves traces of red paint used to roughly imitate mottled marble. A supply pipe entered the stibadium at floor level to its N, while another fistula extended towards the peristyle basin (#3). A drainage outlet also connected to the villa's main sewer.

3) basin, peristyle garden, center
biapsidal basin (max. L c. 5 m, max. W 1.8 m) built in masonry and lined with opus signinum. A terracotta pipe connected to the villa's main sewer. The garden with basin was surrounded by a low wall surrounding the center of the court. 

Fragments belonging to at least two limestone labra were found in the peristyle (Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdrán 1997, 68).

Water from the rear fountain passed through a lead pipe at its base, probably first filling the canal on the upper rim of the stibadium's circular opening and then overflowing into the basin below. The water from this central cavity drained through the sewer that crosses the room, while that from the perimeter canal was channeled via a lead fistula to the biapsidal basin of the peristyle."	"The assortment of statuary fragments (belonging to at least fifteen pieces) found in the peristyle, mostly in the basin, included: a portrait head of a boy (H 20.5 cm, Andalusian marble); late 1st/early 2nd-c. group of Perseus and Andromeda (max. pres. H 63 cm, Andalusian marble); group of Pan and a satyr (max. pres. H 30.4 cm, Andalusian marble); archaizing herm head (Dionysos?) (H 13.2 cm, giallo antico); herm of Dionysos head (H 16.6 cm, Parian white marble); 1st/2nd-c. herm head (Ceres?) (H 16 cm, reddish Cabra marble); 2nd-c. head of Venus-Aphrodite statuette (H 13.2 cm, Parian marble); late 1st/early 2nd-c. Attis trapezephorum (H 59.2 cm, giallo antico); 2nd-c. fragment of a winged Eros (max. pres. H 15.8 cm, Parian marble); 2nd-c. fragments of wings (Andalusian marble); late 1st/early 2nd-c. relief of two bulls with a shepherd (H 22.8 cm, Pentelic marble); additional small marble fragments.
At least partially found in the dining hall: 2nd-c. bronze statue of Hypnos (H 87 cm); late 1st/early 2nd-c. bronze statuette of a dancing hermaphrodite (H 44 cm)
found in association with the villa: fragment of a late 2nd/early 3rd-c. bust with paludamentum; marble portrait head of Domitian (reworked Nero, H 17 cm); late 2nd/early 3rd-c. Kairos statuette (body H 55.2 cm, head found in peristyle H 6.8 cm, Andalusian marble); mid-2nd-c. female head from a white marble sarcophagus relief. For a full review of the villa's statuary, see Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997, 97–210."	Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdrán 1997, 39, fig. 8	"Carrillo Díaz 1990, 87, 92–96, fig. 1
Vaquerizo Gil and Carrillo Díaz-Pines 1995, 129–139, 144–147, 151, figs 2, 4–5, 7–10, 13–14, 21–34; appendix figs 3, 5–6
Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997 26–28, 40–49, 56–77, 97–210, figs 2–11, 16, 18–21, 25–26
Stirling 2005, 182–183
Stephenson 2006, 90, 227–244, fig. 97
Muñiz 2007, 19–31, figs 2–3
Stephenson 2009, 347–357, figs 4–5
Kulikowski 2010, 137–145
Beckmann 2016, 155–160
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 194, 202, 211–213, fig. 30"	"37.44319044266069, -4.089436165949252
37°26′34″ N, 4°05′21″ O; Elevation of Almedinilla: 637 meters"
V.HI3	Antequera, Villa de Caserío Silverio Mayorga	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated	1st/2nd-century foundation, transformed and embellished in the 2nd/3rd century and again in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 160–161)	"1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 198)
2) late 2nd/early 3rd century, embellished in the late 3rd/early 4th century
3) late 3rd/early 4th century (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 161)"	"1) probable water-equipped stibadium, peristyle court (paved in mosaic)
semicircular-shaped structure (W c. 2.85 m) formed by a 45-cm-wide curved wall coated with a thick layer of opus signinum, which was painted dark red (at least at its base). It was built around a preexisting well (diam. c. 1 m; D 1.80 m) connected to a channel that runs E-W. It remains unclear whether it was a water pipe supplied by the well or a water supply to the sigma, whose overflow would then have been recovered by the well, or whether the channel was still functional when the couch was built. Unfortunately, both the front part and the curve of the structure are very damaged.
A mosaic composition featuring marine fauna was arranged around the possible stibadium (Vargas and Romero, 2014, 156–157).

2) basin, hall with two apses, W apse
apsidal basin (diam. ext. 6.67 m, int. 4.65 m) (Espinar et al. 2012, 54, 68; Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 161–162, fig. 162–164). Decorated with mosaics of colorful fish on a white background; not well enough preserved to be certain whether it was a basin or a fountain.

3) basin, room SE of the hall with two apses
trapezoidal basin lined with opus signinum, with a semicircular projection as a seat (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 167).

The S apse (diam. ext. 8.38 m, int. 6.60 m; radius 4.15 m) of hall 6 was suggested to be a possible apsidal basin elevated above the floor level by two steps. In front of it runs a channel made of clay slabs (with an E-W orientation), which could have been connected to the apse through a branch oriented N-S (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 163). However, Hidalgo Prieto's suggestion that it was not a water feature, but rather an apse designed to accommodate a stibadium is more convincing (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 223).

The mosaic paving of hall 6 featured a personification of the river Tiber, identified by the Virgilian text ""VNDE PATER TIVERINVS"" set with a larger concentric geometric composition (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 168–169)."	Numerous fragments of 2nd-century statuary were found at unspecified locations in the villa, including a statuette of Diana, a head of Apollo-Helios, and a male portrait, see Beltrán Fortes and Rodríguez Oliva 2018.	Búzon Alarcón 2015, 172, fig. 179	"Espinar Cappa, Cisneros García, and Fernández 2014, 74–76, figs 5–8
Vargas Vásquez and Romero Pérez 2014, 156–157
Búzon Alarcón 2015, 159–175, figs 162–166, 179
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 188–189, 198, 215–217, 223–224, figs 13, 28, 32
Espinar Cappa et al. 2016, 423–430, cat. no. 56
Beltrán Fortes and Rodríguez Oliva 2018
Morvillez 2019, 207
Hidalgo Prieto 2020b, 78–79"	circa 37.028730, -4.560367
V.HI4	Antequera, Villa de la Estación	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated, > 4400 m2 of the pars urbana exposed	1st century AD, monumentalized in the early 4th century and occupied until the early 6th century (Romero et al. 2006, 255–256)	1–5) early 4th century (Romero et al. 2006, 255–256)	"1) fountain built in elevation, between the pars urbana and villa baths to the NW, facing a 4.5-m-wide exedra, at the center of which was a door
semicircular fountain (max. diam. 6.4 m) reinforced with buttresses at its center and ends. It is lined with opus signinum with traces of inlaid glass tesserae (Romero et al. 2006, 250). A closed brick and masonry channel running across the central axis of the fountain facilitated drainage towards the NE. 
Its orientation was designed to be viewed upon exiting the residential area of the villa heading towards the baths.

2) fountain built against wall, room C2, W wall
small semicircular fountain embedded into the W wall of the lengthy hall with an apsidal terminus at its N end. The hall is terraced into three different levels, and the fountain is located at the juncture between the 2 northernmost terraces (Romero et al. 2006, 247). 

3) ground-level fountain, room B1, center
small square fountain built on top of an underground drainage channel with a 40-cm-square cross section. For the insertion of the fountain, the room's mosaic floor was disrupted in order to access the preexisting drain. Fragments of marble opus sectile were found inside the drainage channel, suggesting that the room (and perhaps fountain) were once revetted in marble (Romero et al. 2006, 244). A fragment of the lower part of a marble satyr was found next to the fountain, which it may once have adorned (Romero Pérez and Vargas Vázquez 2016, 444).

4) pool, peristyle, entirety of inner area
enormous quadrangular pool (L c. 13.6 m) with four circular planters (diam. 3.50 m, av. H 1.20 m), only two (and the beginning of a third) of which are visible. The pool was entirely covered in opus signinum, and all of its edges and corners were sealed with rounded matacan (Romero et al. 2006, 242–243). A number of statuary fragments were found within the pool, including two theater mask antefixes, an erote, an ideal female head, and pieces belonging to multiple satyrs. In one of the planters was another: a nude figure riding an aquatic, dolphin-like animal, whose mouth contains a water spout. The other evident fountain figure found was a hippopotamus with a carved water channel running from the left front leg to the left eye.

5) pool, N wing
elongated oval pool (L 18.5 m, W 2.95) oriented NW-SE. The pool was built of opus incertum lined with opus signinum, and all of its edges and corners were sealed with rounded matacan. Two niches, which probably contained statuary, were located on the S side of the pool adjacent to the porticoed gallery.
Due to the site's topography sloping down to the N, a mosaic-paved ramp (L 9 m, W 3.5 m) connected the peristyle pool (#4) and this oval pool (#5) to the N; an underground conduit passed underneath this sloping space and under a porticoed gallery feeding water from the peristyle into the oval pool. The pool's drain is located on its E side, towards which the pavement gently slopes."	Found in the destruction debris of the peristyle pool were 2nd-century fountain figures of cupid riding a dolphin, of Pan, and of a hippopotamus. The marble satyr statue found near #2 may have also been integrated as a fountain figure. An assortment of small- and medium-sized statues dating to the 2nd and 3rd centuries was also found inside the pool, including two antefixes with theatrical masks (perhaps from the peristyle entablature), a sleeping erote, in addition to a 3rd-century oscillum fragment depicting a philosopher (Rodríguez Oliva et al. 2016, 472–473; Romero Pérez and Vargas Vázquez 2016, 439–440, fig. 3). A high-quality head of a Venus statuette (along with fragments of its matching hands and feet) may date to the late 4th/early 5th century (Stirling 2015, 137, fig. 13.1) rather than the 2nd century date assigned by the excavators.	Romero Pérez and Vargas Vázquez 2016, 438, fig. 1	"Romero et al. 2006, 251–256
Fornell Muñoz 2010, 376–377
Búzon Alarcon 2015, 119–130
Stirling 2015, 137, fig. 13.1
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 182–183, 191, 203
Rodríguez Oliva et al. 2016, 472–473, 480, 485, figs 22, 24–27
Romero Pérez and Vargas Vázquez 2016, 437–447, cat. no. 58"	37.041435934028165, -4.565114711276291
V.HI5	Armuña, Villa de Los Casares	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated	late 1st-century AD construction, embellished in the late 3rd/early 4th century 	1) late 3rd/early 4th-century embellishment of a preexisting pool (Storch de Gracia 2010)	"1) pool, peristyle, center
rectangular pool (L 18 m, W 5 m, D 1 m). More than 9 meters of geometric mosaic decorating its outer edge have been unearthed. Its excavator Storch de Gracia believes that the pool was fed by a nearby spring.

possible [fountain] basin, triconch hall (22 x 16 m), center
The outline of an octagon at the center of the triconch hall is visible in aerial photographs. Though it has never been excavated, Regueras and Olmo (1997, 678) speculate that it was probably a fountain or a basin."	None recorded.	Regueras and Olmo 1997, 677, fig. 2	"Regueras and Olmo 1997, 678, fig. 2
Rodríguez López 2010, 132–133
Storch de Gracia 2010
Regueras 2013, 45"	41.059340, -4.272828
V.HI6	Badajoz, Villa de Dehesa de La Cocosa	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 10,000 m2 exposed	4th-century peristyle villa built on top of earlier structures (Gorges 1979, 189–190)	"1) undated
2–5) 4th century (Gorges 1979, 189-190)"	"1) pedestal fountain, peristyle, uncertain positioning
white marble pedestal (pres. H 56 cm) on a square support (23 cm/side) that would have once supported a labrum basin. The base is decorated with carved acanthus leaves, which, in the lower part, alternate with smooth leaves (Morillo and Salido Domínguez 2011, 166, fig. 20).

2) basin, peristyle, W side, center
semicircular basin, perhaps a fountain.

3) basin, peristyle, N side, between the first and second columns from the W
small semicircular basin, perhaps a fountain.

4) basin, peristyle, S side, between the first and second columns from the W
small semicircular basin, perhaps a fountain.

5) basin, to the N of the residential complex
rectangular basin with semicircular projection on its long N side may have been a fountain.

The excavator Serra Ráfols (1952, 162, fig. 2) believes that the shallow trough that occupied the inner area of the peristyle served as a podium for a planted garden."	None recorded.	https://villaromanadelacocosa.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/planta.jpg	"Serra Rafols 1952, 162, fig. 2
Gorges 1979, 189–190, pl. XLIII
Letzner 1990, 342, no. 147, fig. 53.2
Morillo and Salido Domínguez 2011, 166, fig. 20
Dessales 2013b, 86, note 257
Teichner and Dürr 2020, 898–899"	38.75472186979069, -7.014159578645075
V.HI7	Beja, Villa de Pisões	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, estimated expanse c. 30,000 m2	1st-century foundation, renovations in the 4th century (Nunes Ribeiro 1972, 43)	1–4) ? 4th century (Nunes Ribeiro 1972, 43)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle, center
recessed square basin (c. 2.2 m2) with a fountain base (diam. c. 1.3 m) at its center. The base is not preserved to a great height, but its cross-shaped form with shallow concave niches on all four sides remains evident.
The square basin was framed by the small peristyle's four columns at its corners, the bases of which remain in situ. The inner walls, paving, and fountain base all preserve traces of their white marble revetment. 

2) ground-level fountain / basin?, apsidal hall, center
rectangular basin (L c. 2.2 m, W c. 2 m) with marble-lined walls and a floor paved with mosaic depicting fish.

3) basin, atrium, center
recessed rectangular impluvium basin (L. 1.6 m, W c. 1.4 m).

4) pool, along the villa's S façade
rectangular pool (L 40 m, W 8.3 m) with six access steps.

Adjacent to the atrium with central impluvium basin, a marble-clad space may have once contained water as indicated by the hydraulic connections traced in Oliveira et al. 2023, 15, fig. 13 and as hypothesized by André Carneiro. The potential pool preserves a slit-like opening to a water conduit (ibid., fig. 4.23)."	None recorded.	Oliveira et al. 2023, 14, fig. 13	"Nunes Ribeiro 1972, 43
Garcia-Entero 2003–2004, 62–63, fig. 8
Quintela and Mascarenhas 2006
Serra 2007
Stephenson 2009, 347
Oliveira, Trapero Fernández, Caldeira, Borges and Carneiro 2023"	37.99774207721163, -7.94868250614573
V.HI8	Beja, Villa de São Cucufate	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, more than 20,000 m2 exposed	mid-1st-century AD foundation (Villa I); second third of the 2nd century (Villa II); 4th-century reorganization (Villa III) (Alarcão, Etienne and Mayet 1990, 10–12)	1–5) 2nd century, maintained in mid-4th-century remodeling  (Alarcão, Etienne and Mayet 1990)	"1) basin, garden, facing entrance to adjacent hall
semicircular basin (W 3.1 m; radius 1.6 m). A connected evacuation channel snaked towards the adjacent gallery. Traces of a water supply channel were also identified (Alarcão, Etienne and Mayet 1990, 59).

2) basin, garden, E corner
semicircular basin (W 2 m; radius 1.4 m).

3) basin, garden
quadrangular basin (L c. 2.3 m; W c. 2 m).

4) pool, along the villa's E façade
rectangular pool (L 35.50 m; W 9.50 m); its orientation would have created reflections of the arcaded gallery along the late antique villa's E façade. 
It would have been fed by a nonextant aqueduct to the N, while a channel connecting #4 to #5 allowed for the water to be evacuated into #5 (ibid., 98, 189–190, 193).

5) pool, to the W of the villa nucleus 
rectangular pool (L c. 40 m; W c. 9.5 m), primarily served for irrigation due to its lower elevation than #4 (ibid., 191–194).

A new castellum divisorium was added in the area of the baths during the 4th-century reorganization (Étienne, Alarcão, and Mayet 1989, 244–246)."	None recorded.	Esmonde Cleary 2013, 222, fig. 5.13	"Alarcão 1988, 66, 68, fig. 29
Étienne, Alarcão, and Mayet 1989, 241–246, figs 5–7
Alarcão, Étienne, and Mayet 1990, 10–12, 57–60, 79, 87, 98, 100–103, 114, 139–143, 187–194, pls LVI, LXIII, LXXX, LXXXI, XCI, XCII, CXXIII
Letzner 1990, 358, no. 175, pl. 63.3
Gorges 1994, 256, 261–262, 266
Kulikowski 2010, 133–137
Esmonde Cleary 2013, 221–224
Morvillez 2019, 215–216, fig. 28"	38.22526555991086, -7.841701912737434
V.HI9	Cabeço de Vide, Villa de Horta da Torre	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated	mid/late 3rd century, abandoned in mid-5th century (Carneiro 2021, 537)	1–4) mid/late 3rd century (Carneiro 2021, 537)	"1) fountain built in elevation, apsidal hall, apse
fountain fed by a curved tank hidden inside the apse's wall. According to the excavator André Carneiro, terracotta conduits spouted water through quadrangular holes lined with tile, creating an artificial cascade effect behind the diners (Carneiro 2017, 57).  
The semicircular couch (W c. 3.6 m; D c. 2.2 m) with semicircular cavity (diam. c. 1.5 m) in front was built in masonry covered in plaster. 

2) fountain built against wall, small peristyle, N wall
rectangular fountain basin built against the dividing wall between the large upper peristyle and the small lower peristyle. No details regarding its decor or elevation have been published. According to Carneiro (2021, 534), it was fed by water coming from the upper peristyle, and it in turn fed the adjacent impluvium via a channel embedded in the opus signinum floor.

3) basin, small peristyle, center
rectangular impluvium basin (L c. 4 m; W c. 3 m; D c. 30 cm) paved in opus signinum. A supply pipe fed into the W wall of the basin, and a large drainage outlet was identified in its S wall (Carneiro 2021, 534, fig. 7).

4) open water channel, peristyle, perimeter
gutter channel around its planted interior with semicircular exedrae centered in at least its NE and SW sides, although its water configuration is not clear (Carneiro 2021, 534–535).

flooding effect, apsidal hall (c. 90 m2)
flooding facilitated by a sluice in the baseboard behind the stibadium and by #1. The water would have then flowed across the floor of the hall before flowing into the drainage hole at the space's opposite end.
The floor of the apsidal hall was lined with opus signinum, except for the slightly raised apse threshold that was faced with large slabs of white-grey marble. A plinth of marble slabs c. 50 cm high covered the entire expanse of the hall. Mosaic fragments of aquatic plants were found, which would have once been part of the wall decoration or of a potential apse above the stibadium (Carneiro 2021, 530).

The excavator André Carneiro identifies the rectangular tank (L c. 1.4 m; W c. 90 cm) lined in hydraulic mortar and fed by a lead pipe (Carneiro 2021, 533) SE of the hall as perhaps part of a small bath building. A Y-shaped channel was identified just S of the hall and has been linked to the evacuation of the apsidal hall and the peristyle garden (Valdez Madrid 2019, 12)."	None recorded.	Carneiro 2021, 535, fig. 8	"Carneiro 2014, 219–222, figs 3–5
Carneiro 2017, 57, figs 1–3
Carneiro 2019, 11
Morvillez 2019, 201–202, fig. 10
Valdez Madrid 2019, 10–15, fig. 2.3
Carneiro 2020, fig. 3
Carneiro 2021, 529–535, figs 3–8
Carneiro 2022, 93–99, 102, 104–106, 111, figs 3–7"	39.12009483305177, -7.563978138951359
V.HI10	Cabra, Casa del Mitra	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated, c. 650 m2 of the pars urbana exposed	foundation in the 1st century AD, reorganized in the 2nd century, and remodeled in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Vaquerizo Gil 1995, 85)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Blanco, Garcia and Bendala 1972, 302)	"1) basin, peristyle court, center (almost entirely occupied)
rectangular basin (L c. 3.3 m, W c. 2.1 m) with semicircular niches (av. W 1.13 m; int. radius 90 cm; D 52 cm) on its short ends. An extensive remodeling probably in the late 3rd/early 4th century altered a preexisting rectangular basin of smaller size, but greater in depth (c. 1 m) belonging to the house's early Imperial phase (Blanco, Garcia and Bendala 1972, 302). A lead pipe that extended across the villa entered the basin in its W side.
At the same time, the parapet of the peristyle was transformed: low walls (W & max. pres. H 52 cm) lined with hydraulic mortar were erected along the perimeter of the inner peristyle. Buzon-Alarcon (2015, 216) interprets the result as a large hydraulic tank at the center of which is the biabsidal basin, but it was perhaps more likely to have been planted."	Fragments of a limestone labrum, carved with intricate geometric and vegetal reliefs, along with three fragments of a figure of sleeping Eros, were found on the E side of the basin. A Severan marble fountain figure of an infant with a hare (H 41 cm) was found at an unknown location in the villa (Peña Jurado 2009, 350, figs. 476, 490). 2nd-century white marble statues–a Dionysos (h 1.2 m) and a Mithras Tauroktonos (H 93 cm)–were found in the apses of the biapsidal basin (Blanco, Garcia and Bendala 1972, 316). The Dionysos show signs of having been repaired for its reuse in the late antique basin (Vaquerizo Gil 1995, 85). Stirling (2005, 184) argues that the Mithras would not have stood in the pool but in a dedicated mithraeum. 	Jimenez Salvador and Martin Bueno 2016, 188, fig. 6	"García y Bellido 1952, 289–292
Blanco, Garcia and Bendala 1972, 297–319
Loza Azuaga 1993a, 102
Vaquerizo Gil 1995, 84–87
Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdrán 1997, 19, 44, 60, 101–102
Stirling 2005, 184
Peña Jurado 2009, 350, figs 476, 490
Klöckner 2010, 106–125
Moreno Alcaide 2011, 177–187, figs 1–4, pls 1, 3–4
Buzón-Alarcón 2015, 215–218, figs 235–238
Jimenez Salvador and Martin Bueno 2016, 186–191, no. 19"	37.48837738282247, -4.458981673331376
V.HI11	Cádiz, Villa de El Santiscal	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated	1st-century foundation, rebuilt/embellished in the 3rd century, occupied until the end of the 4th century (Gómez Araujo 2016, 49)	1) ? 3rd/4th century (Gómez Araujo 2016, 49)	"1) open water channel, peristyle, surrounding central parterre
open water channel (av. W 43 cm; D 32 cm) surrounding a central parterre (L 7.36 m, W 4.50 m). Along each side is a semicircular extension (radius c. 60 cm) of the channel that projects into the parterre. The whole ensemble is in waterproofed concrete (Mora Figueroa 1977, 348), and its positioning along the inner perimeter of porticoes facilitated its rainwater supply (Hidalgo Prieto 2020, 78)."	None recorded.	Mora Figueroa 1977, 347, fig. 2	"Mora Figueroa 1977, 348, fig. 2
Gorges 1979, 241
Castelo Ruano et al. 2001–2002, 469
García-Entero 2005, 585–586
Gómez Araujo 2016, 47–49, no. 4
Hidalgo Prieto 2020b, 78"	36.76658171630964, -5.771618691774428
V.HI12	Carranque, Villa de Materno	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, 2015 m2 exposed	1st-century AD structures, villa founded in the mid-4th century, expanded in the mid-5th century (Fernández-Galiano 1994, 209)	1) mid/late 4th century (Fernández-Galiano 1994, 209)	"1) basin, transverse gallery (L 37 m) along NW side of the peristyle, facing the entrance to the polylobe triclinium
semicircular basin (W opening c. 5 m, max. ext. W c. 6.2 m, D c. 2.6 m), Its straight edge is in line with the transverse gallery, whereas its semicircular extension protrudes into the inner peristyle court. The construction is not preserved to a high enough level to ascertain its original height or depth.
The paving is adorned with a frontal depiction of a bust of Oceanus surrounded by fish and sea creatures and framed by geometric borders in brightly polychrome mosaic. Esmonde Cleary (2013, 217) mentions that both a water inlet and outlet were present, but no details were given regarding a potential fountain apparatus. 
As the portico of the peristyle was separated from the central court by a low wall, the excavators reconstruct the semicircular basin [as an apse fountain?]."	None recorded.	Esmonde Cleary 2013, 216, fig. 5.9	"Fernandez-Galiano 1994, 201, 209, fig. 16
Bassani 2005, 98–100, fig. 17
Stephenson 2006, 126–128, note 306
Wilson 2011, 77–78, notes 114–115, figs 17–19
Carucci 2012, 218–219, fig. 1
Esmonde Cleary 2013, 216–217, fig. 5.9"	40.19057627150445, -3.944592955834697
V.HI13	Cauca / Coca, Villa de las Pizarras	Hispania	suburban villa 	partially excavated, peristyle estimated c. 4350 m2	mid-4th century, abandoned in the mid-5th century (Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2011, 804)	1) mid-4th century (Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2009, 29–32)	"1) pool (with probable integrated fountains), peristyle, center
square pool (c. 17.5 m/side) with an octagonal structure (c. 4 m/side; max. diam. c. 11 m) at its center. Due to later spoliation, the exact form and nature of the octagonal platform (described by the excavators as an islet, Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2009, 29) found within the pool (off-center towards the S) remain uncertain. The excavators (ibid., 30) observed a succession of three low walls with truncated ends that, from the W side of the central octagon, seem to have supported a passage area between the outer edge of the pool and the interior islet. 
The pool was paved with slabs of local marble set into a thick layer of opus signinum, most of which are no longer in situ due to extensive spoliation. Imprints of a semicircular structure in the W corner of the pool have been interpreted by Pérez González and Reyes Hernando (2009, 30–31) as potentially representative of the former presence of a fountain structure designed to animate the enormous water surface. A drainage channel was identified, curving from the north of the pool towards the W before extending beyond the SW section of the area of the pool (ibid., 32)."	None recorded.	Perich Roca 2014, 127, fig. 119	"Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2009, 29–32
Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2011, 803–804
Pérez González and Reyes Hernando 2014, fig. 7
Perich Roca 2014, 125–128, figs 119, 121"	41.22873034322705, -4.439964399529881
V.HI14	Corduba / Córdoba, Villa de Santa Rosa	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated, 2670 m2 exposed (2 parts)	constructed ex novo in late 3rd/early 4th century on top of a Roman funerary area, late 4th/5th-century remodeling destroyed and covered up the fountain in the N peristyle (Penco Valenzuela 2005, 15, 17–18, 30)	1–3) late 3rd/early 4th century	"1) ground-level fountain, square peristyle in N sector (Manzana de Banesto), center
complex fountain formed by concentric circles and octagons. The fountain was defined by a roughly circular perimeter wall (diam. c. 6 m), inside of which an octagonal ledge (radius 2.5 m) projects 11 cm above the preparation level of the basin (Salinas Villejas 2005, 46). Another smaller, octagonal structure is set within its interior, at the center of which was a fountain base. Traces indicate that the whole fountain would have been marble-clad. Fragments of statuary and of lead were found during the fountain's excavation, suggesting that fountain figures may have been part of the original ensemble.
Traces also survive of the lead pipe that supplied water to the fountain's center (ibid., 47). The evacuation of the water from the fountain would have passed below the marble slab of the central intercolumniation on the peristyle's W side, as attested by a 0.20 cm hole. In the same area was found a lead pipe that would have probably distributed water to the four corners of the perimeter wall (to water the plantings?) (ibid., 48, fig. IV).
The fountain occupied all of the central open-air area of the square peristyle (except for the corners which were probably occupied by vegetal installations). In a later phase (late 4th/5th century), low walls were built around the inner area of the peristyle and the fountain was completely covered by a layer of opus signinum.

2) basin, peristyle in S sector (El Algarrobo), center
octagonal basin (mosaic diam. c. 1.8 m). White marble slabs define the square circumscribing the water feature, while its interior was decorated with polychrome aquatic-themed mosaic. On the basis of a drainage channel found at the center and running to the E, the nonextant inner area probably served as an impluvium that collected rainwater and channeled it into a small cistern to the W. Buzón Alarcón (2016b, 148) thus interprets the space's function as an atrium to the adjacent apsidal triclinium to the S. Four columns arranged in a square formation around the octagonal feature in the center of the peristyle probably supported a roof over the octagonal perimeter gallery.

3) pool, adjacent to N of S peristyle (El Algarrobo)
rectangular pool (L 9 m, W 5.25 m) built in opus quadratum and lined with opus signinum with half reeds to protect the corners. Penco Valenzuela (2005, 29–30) hypothesizes that the pool might have been associated with a possible fountain structure to its immediate W, but the remains are not well enough preserved to tell."	Fragments of marble statuary were found during the excavation of fountain #1 (Buzon-Alarcon 2015, 259, note 284).	Búzon Alarcón 2015, 246, fig. 277; 258, fig. 298; 262, fig. 303	"Penco Valenzuela 2005, 11–12, 17, 29–30
Salinas Villegas 2005, 45–49, 51, fig. 4, pls 1, 10–11
Hidalgo Prieto 2008, 342–344, figs 375–377
Vaquerizo Gil 2011, 273–274, pl. 3
Perich Roca 2014, 104–108
Buzón Alarcón 2015, 259, figs 277, 298, 303
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 190–191
Buzón Alarcón 2016a, 160–161
Buzón Alarcón 2016b, 145–155, figs 2–4, 8–10, no. 15
Ruiz-Bueno 2018, 272–273, fig. 6"	37.895408, -4.781562
V.HI15	Cuenca, Villa de Noheda	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, triapsidal reception hall (290.64 m2) and balneum	1st-century foundation, monumentalization began in the early 4th century and continued into the early 5th century (Valero Tévar 2013, 309)	1) 4th century (Valero Tévar 2013, 309)	"1) ground-level fountain, triconch hall, roughly center
rectangular basin (L 3.37; W 2.48 m; D 43 cm) recessed into the floor. The area around the central water feature is poorly preserved due to damage from the roof collapse and extensive spoliation of the marble panels lining the basin, which led to the collapse of its sides. Nonetheless, at least fourteen types of polychrome marble have been identified as part of the basin's facing. Due to its poor preservation, its original water configuration cannot be determined, though it is likely that fountain jets once animated the ensemble rather than it being a still-water basin. An opening on the N face of the fountain is the water supply, which arrived from the N via a pipe under the hall's floor. The underground drainage canal starts from the SW corner of the basin.
The enormous triconch hall (23.01 x 23.67 m) was paved in figurative, mainly mythological mosaics. The traces of those directly surrounding the basin featured marine scenes, which are oriented facing towards it."	Numerous marble statuary fragments were found within the fountain basin, including part of a dioscuri. The lower part of the abdomen and thighs of a sculpture of Venus pudica was discovered, perhaps of the Capitoline type, as well as a part of a vessel that served as a support (Lledó Sandoval 2007, 44–45).	Valero Tévar 2013, 309, fig. 2	"Lledó Sandoval 2007, 44–45
Uscatescu 2013, 379, fig. 2
Valero Tévar 2013, 310, 315, 325, figs 2, 4–5, 12
Valero Tévar 2014, 523–524
Valero Tévar 2015, 190–191, 547–574
Dunbabin 2016, 11–17, figs 1.5–7"	40.18378397349047, -2.258864954665923
V.HI16	Don Benito, Villa de La Majona	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 4300 m2 exposed	late 2nd-century foundation, embellished in 4th century (Soler Huertas 2014, 1352)	"1, 3) late 2nd century, featured in 4th-century refurbishment
2) late 2nd century (Soler Huertas 2014, 1352)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, peristyle, W side
semicircular fountain connected to a lengthy rectangular pool (#3). The marble-faced central fountain is located in front of the richly decorated main room added in the 4th-century embellishment phase.

2) basin, atrium, entire inner area
impluvium basin (4 x 7 m).

3) pool, peristyle, W side
lengthy rectangular pool (L 21 m, W 2 m) with interior semicircular structures set within either short end. Connected to semicircular fountain #1."	A late 3rd-century male bust was found inside the peristyle pool.	Guerra Millán and Pérez Romero 2017, 70, fig. 19	"Nogales Basarrate and Creus Luque 1999, 511–516
Stirling 2007, 313
Soler Huertas 2014, 1352
Guerra Millán and Pérez Romero 2017, 66, 68–72, figs 15, 19"	39.01006471986948, -5.8815830284202155
V.HI17	Elvas, Villa de la Quinta das Longas	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 1500 m2 exposed, mostly the pars urbana	1st-century AD foundation, reconfiguration in multiple phases during the 3rd and 4th centuries, abandoned in the 5th century (Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida 2004, 107–109)	1–4) late 3rd/4th century (Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida 2004, 107–109)	"1) fountain built in elevation, patio 23, center of S wall
cascade fountain set into S wall. Supplied with a piped connection via the peristyle basin (#2).
A statue of a panther was found in patio 23, whereas a number of statuary fragments were found in close proximity (in 24), which may have once decorated the water features in patio 23.

2) basin, patio 23, center
rectangular basin (L c. 1.8 m; W c. 1 m), lined with marble recessed into the opus sectile pavement, which was slightly sloping to the N. An outlet in the basin was connected to an underground drainage conduit that ran under the pavement of the apse to evacuate the water into the Chaves to the N.

3) basin, peristyle, center 
rectangular basin (L 5 m, W c. 3 m, D c. 1 m). In the NW corner, next to the base, there is a hole, which allowed the basin to be completely emptied, with the water being drained through an underground conduit, which was identified again next to the triconch hall, and which disappears under the pavement of the water mirror. The other two underground pipes associated with this basin communicate with it at the top of the walls, connecting with the canalization identified to the W that supplied water from a spring located about 100 m to the SW, filling the tank, being the excess water emptied through a lead pipe to the E, which was then directed to the N towards patio 23 (Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida, 112–113).

4) water mirror, NW façade
rectangular pool (L 11.47 m, W 8.04 m; no deeper than 50 cm). Paved with opus sectile in an alternating pattern of 11 cm2 black and white squares.

Three small rectangular water tanks (2, 3 & 25) lined in opus signinum
Tanks 2 and 3 located outside the N and S apses of the triconch hall. Adjacent to patio 23, tank 25 preserves traces of coverage, which led the excavators to suggest that it might function as a niche onto patio 23 (ibid., 2004, 112–113)."	Fragments of mythological sculptures in white marble (newly carved in the 4th century, with links to Aphrodisias) were found gathered in 24–except for the panther and arm of Venus found in patio 23–and not in situ; find locations not specific enough to reconstruct their exact placement. Analysis of surviving fragments has indicated that statuary groups including Venus, Diana, Bacchus, giants, muses, nymphs and other aquatic figures, such as a possible triton, probably adorned patio 23 (Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida 2004).	Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida 2004, 108, fig. 2B	"Nogales Bassarrate et al. 2002, 297–301 (and appended catalog)
Carvalho and Almeida 2003, 114–122, figs 1, 3–4
Nogales Basarrate, Carvalho and Almeida 2004, 108–145, figs 2–19
Rodríguez Martín and Carvalho 2008, 312–316, 326–330, figs 2, 5.2
Oliveira et al. 2011, 905–909, figs 3–5"	"38.941594239263175, -7.184686737356744
38° 56' 28.8’’ N, 7° 11'07.8 W; elevation of 322 meters"
V.HI18	Estoi, Villa de Milreu	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated	2nd-century villa, renovations in the 3rd century, so-called 'water temple' added in the early 4th century, embellished in the mid-4th century (Teichner 2008, 118–119)	"1) mid-4th century
2–5) mid-4th/5th century
6–7) late 3rd/mid-4th century
8–10) mid-4th/5th century (Teichner 2008)"	"1) ground-level fountain, hall, center 
square basin (2.70 m x 2.70 m) built of brick fragments and mortar and lined with white marble slabs. At its center was a pyramidal marble fountain block (H 50 cm). The block's sides feature recessed 20-cm-wide channels down which water would have flowed, after gently spouting from the fistula that emitted at the top of the block (Teichner 2008, 143, 735, fig. 57 [A38.7]).

2) basin, entrance vestibule, E side, opposite #3
semicircular basin (diam. 1.8 m; D. 95 cm) built in stone rubble and brick, one of two flanking either side of the entrance to the pars urbana. Large remains of opus signinum were found inside the basin. In the N part, the fountain leans against a wall of large stone rubble. The front basin wall was rebuilt (Letzner 1990, 364). (Teichner 2008, 124 [A1.3])

3) basin, entrance vestibule, W side, opposite #2
semicircular basin (diam. 1.8 m; D 95 cm), less well preserved than #2 (Teichner 2008, 124 [A1.1]).

4) basin, opposite the alley from the entrance vestibule
semicircular basin (Teichner 2008, 124 [A1.5]).

5) basin, residential room of unknown function, SE corner
semicircular basin (diam. 1.6 m; D 1 m) lined with thick opus signinum (Teichner 2008, 129 [A7.5]).

6 & 7) basins, dining hall, either side of entrance
circular basins as reconstructed by Teichner (2008, 178–179, fig. 81 [A64.6–7]) on the basis of small pedestals of reused bricks and marble rubble (1.40 x 1.60 m) with circular recesses (diam. 1 m). The waste water drained under the floor of the hall through channels to the E. 

8) basin, facing the entrance to the so-called water temple/cult building
semicircular basin (W 3.05 m; D 1.75 m) likely to have been covered by a low brick vault (Teichner 2008, 256–258, fig. 130–131 [G1.5]). Traces of marine mosaics on a white background were found in the interior of the basin.

9) basin, main hall/cella of the so-called water temple/cult building (across the alley to the S of the pars urbana), center
hexagonal basin (Teichner 2008, 263, Fig. 127 [G5.6]) still visible in the late 19th century, can no longer be identified, nor can the connecting water channels recorded on the same plan, which may have also supplied water to an additional no longer extant pool in the apse (Bowes 2006, 77). 

10) pool, peristyle garden, off-set to the W
rectangular pool (L 12.1 m, W 6 m, D 2 m). A series of pipes, channels, and drains and predecessor basins dating to different phases of the villa were found in the peristyle (Teichner 2008, 175–176 [A63]).

The villa was supplied by a natural source with a semicircular basin serving as a castellum aquae to the E of the pars rustica (Teichner 2008, 249–250, 486 [F35]. "	Reused bricks and marble rubble formed the pedestals of #6-7. Fragments of two different late 1st/2nd-century statuettes of Dionysos and a 2nd-century marble statuette of a cupid riding a dolphin were found in the villa. Though their findspots were not recorded by the excavators, their small scale and motifs would have been well placed in watery contexts (Santos Estácio da Veiga 1972).	Teichner 2008, fig. 40	"Hauschild 1980, 208, fig. 13
Letzner 1990, 357–358, 364–365, no. 173, 185, pls 63.1, 68
Bowes 2006, 77–84, fig. 3a
Stirling 2007, 310, note 24
Hauschild 2008
Teichner 2008, 124, 129, 143, 175–179, 249–250, 256–257, 263, 486, 735; figs 57, 81, 127, 130–131"	37.09494447461312, -7.904167221265782
V.HI19	Flavio Aurgitano, Villa de Cortijo de los Robles	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated, c. 650m2 exposed	foundation in the mid-1st century AD on top of earlier structures, subsequently renovated in the mid-2nd and late 3rd century, occupied throughout the 4th century (López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2013–2014, 382–384)	1) mid-2nd century, maintained in the late renovations (López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2013–2014, 398-402)	"1) basin, peristyle, center
rectangular basin (L 6.52 m; W 5.74 m; D 86 cm) partially recessed into the ground with 38-cm-thick walls lined with a thick layer (2-3 cm) of hydraulic mortar. Traces of polychrome painting were identified on the W exterior face. A central staircase of four steps gave access to the basin. A hole in the SE corner served for drainage (López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2013–2014, 398).
Lengthy fragments of lead pipes and white marble statuary fragments were found with assorted building materials in the fill of the basin that accumulated at the end of the 4th century (López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2016, 343)."	Fragments of five white marble statuary pieces, including a late Flavian female portrait and late 1st/2nd-century statuettes of Priapus, Diana, a small torso of a nude Venus, and another Venus/goddess figure were found in the fill of the basin (López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2013–2014, 398–402, fig. 21).	López Marcos and Buzon Alarcon 2016, 341, fig. 8	"López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2013–2014, 382–384, 397–406, figs 3, 19–22
Beckman 2016, 164–167
López Marcos and Buzón Alarcón 2016, 342–344, figs 2–3, 8–10
Rodríguez Oliva, Beltrán Fortes and Baena del Alcázar 2016, 471–472, figs 3, 17–21"	37.79961428135490, -3.745136153922595
V.HI20	Fraga, Villa Fortunatus	Hispania	rural villa	extensively excavated	Republican foundation, new atrium-style house in 2nd century, late 3rd/early 4th-century enlargement with additional peristyle, mid-4th-century construction of a Christian basilica (Fernandez Castro 1982, 96–97)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Fernandez Castro 1982, 96–97)	"1) pool, peristyle garden, N side, roughly center (4 and 4.70 m from the W & E galleries respectively)
elongated narrow brick pool (L 8.36 m; W 1.74 m; pres. H 34 cm) with semicircular short ends, raised above ground level. On its walls were red, blue, and green traces of paintings of fish and aquatic plants (Serra Ráfols 1943, 15). 
To the E of the pool was a deep well (diam. 90 cm, D 12–14 m probably to the level of the river below) that supplied water for the garden."	A small white marble figure of a dolphin (probably ridden by a no longer extant erote) was found in the nearby Cinca river (Serra Ráfols 1943, 26–27, pl. 17.2). The early excavator Galiay mentions having found two statues, a marble bust, and some Roman bronze figurines, including a crocodile, but no further details were given (cited by Serra Ráfols 1943, 27, 35). A fragmentary pedestal with mythological scenes and a small statuette of a supposedly Iberian character were also found (Serra Ráfols 1943, 26, pl. 17.1) without reference to findspots.	https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Fortunatus_-_Plano.svg	"Serra Ráfols 1943, 13–15, 27, pl. 17
Puertas Tricas 1972, 71–81
Fernandez Castro 1982, 96–97, 178–179"	41.55651431007553, 0.31914031880212096
V.HI21	Gabia la Grande, Villa de Gabia	Hispania	rural villa	very partially excavated	1st-century foundation, monumentalized in the second half of the 4th/early 5th century (Gutiérrez Rodríguez et al. 2016, 303)	1) second half of the 4th/early 5th century (Gutiérrez Rodríguez et al. 2016, 303)	"1) freestanding fountain, square domed hall at the end of the cryptoporticus, center
octagonal fountain basin (diam. c. 1 m) excavated into the floor, once lined with white marble (only one fragment was left in situ). It was supplied by a system of pipes that came down from the upper floor through the vault of the apse on the SE side of the room and ran along the floor (Cabré Aguiló 1923, 4). Numerous interlocking terracotta tubes (L c. 15 cm) were found in considerable quantity in the chamber, which probably served for drainage.
The walls of the hall and cryptoporticus were richly decorated with opus sectile; the numerous white and polychrome marble crustae found include fragments human figures, of animals and plants (Pérez Olmedo 1994)."	Much of the opus sectile decorating the cryptoportico consisted of reused marbles (Marín Díaz and Orfila Pons 2016, 306)	Cabré Aguiló 1923, pl. 3	"Cabré Aguiló 1923, 2–9, pl. 3
Pareja López and Sotomayor Muro 1979
Pérez Olmedo 1994, 596, 599–601, fig. 1, pls 1, 3, 5–6
Gutiérrez Rodríguez et al. 2016, 298–304, no. 36, fig. 2
Marín Díaz and Orfila Pons 2016, 290–292, figs 3, 5"	37.14069269350562, -3.670627366532439
V.HI22	Granada, Villa de Salar	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, 424 m2 exposed	1st-century AD foundation, renovations in the late 2nd/early 3rd century, late 3rd/4th-century reorganization and embellishment, late 4th and early 5th-century mosaic alterations (Loza Azuaga et al. 2020, 424)	1–3) late 3rd/4th century (Loza Azuaga et al. 2021, 11)	"1) fountain built in elevation, hall, N side
semicircular niche fountain (max W 4.17 m m; radius c. 1.8 m) with central sloping cascade (W c. 2 m), set on a step. The ensemble was once covered by a vaulted apse built with terracotta tubuli found in the fill. Speleothem fragments, which must have been extracted from a nearby cave, were visibly applied to the ramp in the apse to evoke the appearance of a natural grotto (Loza Azuaga et al. 2021, 3). Water would have poured into the opus signinum-lined semicircular basin below that was contiguous with #2. The floor of the fountain was at a slightly higher level than of the polychrome geometric pavement of the hall.
Traces of painted decoration are preserved in the fountain and in the hall; the baseboards of the latter were revetted in marble and opus sectile.
Evidence that a nearby source supplied the fountain's water and pipe fragments that distributed the water elsewhere in the villa were found, but no details were published (Marín Díaz 2016, 279, citing an unpublished report; personal communication with Julio Román Punzón, 29.4.2022).
The vaulting above the fountain and the roof of the hall were constructed using tubi fittili (Moreno Alcaide 2019, 135, 140, 152).

2) open water channel, hall, outer perimeter, E, N, & W sides
U-shaped water channel (max L (E-W) c. 11.1 m; max. L (N-S) 9.92 m; W c. 1 m). The center of the N side is contiguous with the semicircular basin of #1. A rounded lip ran along the perimeter to the exterior of the channel. The channel was fed by water cascading from #1, which was evacuated via an outlet in the SW corner and facilitated by a slight slope in the floor of the channel.

3) open water channel, peristyle, perimeter
gutter channel (L c. 7 m; W c. 50 cm) with semicircular projection (W c. 1 m; radius c. 70 cm) at the center of the S side, lined with opus signinum. The S side and part of the NE and SW corners have been excavated, demonstrating that the channel extends around the entire perimeter, probably featuring semicircular projections at the center of both the E and W sides, through which the water could have also been evacuated (Loza Azuaga et al. 2020, 428). The channel was fed by rainwater collection from the portico roof."	An imported mid-2nd-c. statuette of a headless draped female figure representing a nymph or Venus with a small pipe hole running from the neck to the waist (pres. H 52 cm, Pentelic marble), a late 2nd/early 3rd-c. nymph (Venus Landolina type, pres. H 42 cm) holding a shell pierced with a pipe hole of local Málaga stone, and a fragment of the right arm of a third female statuette were found in the fill of #1. A Venus statuette of the Capitoline type (pres. H 74 cm, Pentelic marble) found on the S side of the peristyle may have decorated #3 (Loza Azuaga et al. 2021, 6–12).	Loza Azuaga et al. 2021, 4, fig. 2	"González Martín and El Amrani Paaza 2013, 25, 48–51
González Martín 2014, 165
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 207–209, fig. 29
González Martín 2016, 315–323, no. 40
Marín Díaz 2016, 279
Román Punzón et al. 2018, 237, 240, fig. 2, pls 1–4
Moreno Alcaide 2019, 135, 140, 152, figs 7–8
Loza Azuaga et al. 2020, 424–426, 428, fig. 1
Loza Azuaga et al. 2021, 1–12, figs 2, 3, 5–9"	37.19717620514721, -4.075618004154824
V.HI23	Iliberri, Villa de Los Mondragones	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated	1st-century AD foundation, mid-4th-century remodeling and monumentalization of the pars urbana (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 101)	1) mid-4th century (Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 101)	"1) pool, peristyle, center
rectangular pool (L 9.30 m, W 3.40 m) with concave niches built in brick on all four sides. The excavators observed that an early Imperial masonry flower bed of the same form was converted into a water receptacle by adding a layer of hydraulic mortar (Rodríguez Aguilera et al. 2013–2014, 490–491). The three semicircular exedras on the S, E and W sides of the pool contained vegetation.

The semicircular exedra on the long N side of the peristyle pool was remodeled into a full circle, and its interior was also paved with hydraulic mortar suggesting that it may have been used as a fountain feature (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 199–200). Furthermore, Hidalgo Prieto (2016a, 178–179) suggests that the semicircular structure paved in mosaic to the E may have been a fountain, but the reports do not mention any traces of water supply or evacuation."	A flower bed appears to have been reused as a pool (Rodríguez Aguilera et al. 2013–2014, 490–491).	Rodríguez Aguilera et al. 2013–2014, 499, fig. 13	"Rodríguez Aguilera et al. 2013–2014, 490–491, figs 10, 13
Búzon-Alarcon 2015, 96–107
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 178–179, 182, 199–200, fig. 2
Búzon-Alarcon 2016a, 130–139
Rodríguez Aguilera et al. 2016, 280–290, cat. no. 33"	37.19081683189942, -3.6120467029315857
V.HI24	Jaén, Villa de Bruñel	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 6000 m2 exposed	2nd-century foundation, late 3rd/early 4th-century renovations, late 4th-century enlargement and incorporation of agricultural activities, abandoned in late 5th century (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 187)	1–3) late 3rd/early 4th century (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 187)	"1) basin, atrium, center
rectangular impluvium (L 2.76 m; W 1.20 m; H 60 cm), paved with terracotta tiles. The plinths connecting the four columns at its corners were painted with imitation marble. In its center appears a box in which a base, no longer extant, was fitted, through which the water entered via a lead pipe made of a sheet with cylindrical and crimped edges.

2) basin, courtyard, center
rectangular basin (L c. 6 m; W c. 4.2 m), slightly recessed and lined with opus signinum, delineated by #3. Hidalgo Prieto (2016a, 201) reconstructs the entire central area of the inner courtyard as a basin, though its partial preservation does not reveal whether it may have had a fountain. No traces of decoration were recorded. Water drained through a channel running along the NW corridor of the peristyle

3) open water channel, central courtyard, perimeter
euripus channel (channel W 80 cm; H external plinth c. 50 cm; perimeter L c. 8.2 m; W c. 6.5 m), which protrudes 50 cm above ground level (Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 201). The channel is covered with opus signinum and its edges defined with quarter-round molding."	None recorded.	Ramos 2015, 182, fig. 4	"Sotomayor Muro 1985
Ramos 2015, 178–179, 181–185, figs 3–4, 6
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 201
Hidalgo Prieto 2016b, 379–380, no. 48"	37.885580, -3.079152
V.HI25	Jerez de los Caballeros, Villa de El Pomar	Hispania	rural villa	"partially excavated
"	1st-century residence, expanded in the late 3rd/early 4th century, 4th-century updates, occupied until the 6th century (Álvarez Sáenz de Buruaga et al. 1992, 181–182)	"1) 4th century, subsequent to #2
2) late 3rd/early 4th century
3) late 3rd/early 4th century (Álvarez Sáenz de Buruaga et al. 1992, 181–182)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, peristyle garden, W side, axis offset to the N, facing and aligned with the tripartite entrance to the hall
fountain three quarters of a circle in shape (max. W ext. c. 6.52 m, int. 4.40 m) projected into the peristyle garden. Its W end is aligned in between two of the outward-facing niches that closed the intercolumniations on the N, S & W sides of the peristyle.

2) pool, peristyle garden, extending from #1 to the E, axis offset to the N, in line with entrance to hall
rectangular pool (L 13 m; W 2.40 m; D 50 cm) excavated into the ground and built in masonry with local stone covered with hydraulic mortar. The pool was connected to the rear end of fountain #1 and extended to the E across the most of the width of the peristyle garden.

3) open water channel, peristyle garden (24.9 m x 23.9 m), N, S & W sides
gutter channel articulated with semicircular niches facing the exterior portico interspersed with marble columns. A 3.7-m-long wall section built with reused materials separated #1 from the channel.

Two supply pipes–one running N-S and the other running E-W supplied the N and E channels, but their exact entrance points were not specified by the excavators (Álvarez Sáenz de Buruaga et al. 1992, 53)."	A 3.7-m-long low wall built with unspecified reused materials separated the open water channel from the fountain (Alvarez Sáenz de Buruaga et al. 1992, 53).	Montoya Gonzalez 2020, 32, fig. 1.2	"Gorges 1979, 191, no. BA 07
Fernández Castro 1982, 120
Álvarez Sáenz de Buruaga et al. 1992, 53–55, 64–66, 181–182, fig. 1, pls 4, 6–7
Dessales 2013b, 86–86, note 257, fig. 32
Montoya Gonzalez 2020, 32, fig. 1.2"	38.321853770946, -6.765265087543828
V.HI26	Madrid, Villa de Valdetorres de Jarama	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, only an octagonal structure with four apses	late 4th/early 5th-century foundation (Chavarría Arnau 2007, 293)	late 4th/early 5th-century (though no archaeological traces of a water feature have been identified) (Arce, Caballero and Elvira 1997, 334)	A fountain figure of a satyr or Silenus with a wineskin was recovered; wear from running water is evident on the wineskin, indicating its former usage in a fountain. However, no water fixtures or storage system have been documented.	Broken pieces recovered on the W side of the octagonal building belonged to at least thirteen statues. A figure of a satyr or Silenus holding a wineskin through which a pipe would have passed was part of a larger group of gray marble half life-sized statues of a giant, two archers, and a Niobid from an Aphrodisian workshop dated by Bergmann (1999, 20–21) to the 4th century. Four white marble statuettes (Asklepios, panther head, group with drapery, eagle head) can probably also be dated to the 4th century (Stirling 2005, 179–180).	Arce, Caballero and Elvira 1997, 322, fig. 1	"Puerta, Elvira and Artigas 1994, 181–189, 195
Arce, Caballero and Elvira 1997, 322–323, 336–337, fig. 1, 2A
Bergmann 1999, 20–21
Stirling 2005, 179–181
Chavarría Arnau 2007, 293–294
Stirling 2015, 141, fig. 13.4"	40.707591755463774, -3.5238468841622916
V.HI27	Montilla, Casilla de la Lámpara	Hispania	rural villa	minimally excavated	1st-century AD foundation, renovated in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Román Domínguez 2016, 220)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Román Domínguez 2016, 220)	"1) basin, peristyle
biapsidal basin (L 3 m, W 1.2 m, D 90 cm). Remains of a vaulted water drainage system were found, as well as the remains of lead pipes that led to a water tank (Santos Gallego 1946, 104).
A small bronze panther fountain spout (L 9.5 cm) was found within the basin. The panther's mouth is closed, but there is a hole in it, whereas in the back there is a larger hole for a pipe, through which the water would enter the figure, which would then come out through the mouth in the form of a jet (ibid., 104)."	A small bronze panther fountain spout (MAP, Cordoba, inv. 6429) was found within the basin, which may have been part of a larger bronze statue of Dionysos or a sleeping satyr based on the nude arm also found in the fill (Vaquerizo Gil 1995, 89). Two fragmentary marble sculptures were also recovered within the basin: the lower half of a marble satyr with a wineskin (H 39 cm), and a marble statuette of Diana hunting (H 65 cm), both dated to the mid-2nd century (Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997, 103).	No published plan.	"Santos Gallego 1946, 103–105, pls 9–10
Loza Azuaga 1993b, 179
Rodriguez Oliva 1993, 42
Koppel 1995, 46–48
Vaquerizo Gil 1995, 89–91, pls 1–2
Vaquerizo Gil and Noguera Celdran 1997, 103
Stirling 2005, 184
Stirling 2007, 311, note 36, fig. 7
Beckmann 2016, 166
Hidalgo Prieto 2016a, 202
Román Domínguez 2016, 219–221, no. 24"	circa 37.598846, -4.655516
V.HI28	Rabaçal, Villa de Rabaçal	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, 2560 m2 of the pars urbana exposed	second half of the 4th century (Pessoa 2011, 779)	1) second half of the 4th century (Pessoa 2011, 779)	"1) flooding effect, triconch reception hall, W apse
the mosaic floor of the W apse was elevated 30 cm above the floor of the central part of the hall forming an apsidal platform, the front step of which was lined with pinkish white marble slabs. Underneath the raised apsidal floor, five opus signinum-lined channels converge in a fan towards the same point at the bottom of the curved wall. This was the entry point for water, supplied from a circular rainwater collection tank, located outside. The inclination of the five channels towards the triclinium floor, although not very pronounced, is visible, and one of the five holes in the water outlet to the floor is preserved in situ, at the base of the front of the apse. No evidence for drainage has been found, leading to two hypotheses: 1. it easily evaporated due to the high temperatures or 2. a drainage system must be recognized in certain fractures of the rocky base of the hall.
The hall featured a refined mosaic decoration organized as a juxtaposition of five panels arranged according to a U + T scheme. The apse's dimensions (W 6.66 m; D 4.68 m) suggest that a stibadium would have occupied the space; however, no built traces of the couch survive, which may indicate the use of a wooden structure."	None recorded.	Pessoa 2008, 141, fig. 2	"Pessoa 1998, 37–41
Gorges 2008, 41–43, fig. 6a
Pessoa 2008, 151, figs 2, 6–8
Pessoa 2011, 779, 783–786, figs 10, 12–13
Caravello 2011, 96–104"	40.037998660363336, -8.457921507940359
V.HI29	Salamanca, Villa de Saelices el Chico	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 175 m2 exposed	2nd-century structures, replaced in the 4th century by a large peristyle villa (Perez Olmedo et al. 1997, 179)	1) 4th century, with subsequent additions (Perez Olmedo et al. 1997, 188)	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden
masonry structure with a semicircular plan (pres. H c. 50 cm) plastered with lime and paved with irregular stone slabs. Its front facade (L c. 13 m) featured 5 alternating semicircular and square niches probably interspersed with columns based on the surviving square plinths (Perez Olmedo et al 1997, 187). In front of the niches ran a corridor or channel (W c. 1 m) at a slightly lower floor level paved with stone slabs. The northernmost niche (diam. 1.60 m) was semicircular, paved in slate and its plinth preserves remains of painted bands in white, black, and gray. The central semicircular niche (diam. 2.20 m) was connected to the rear semicircular space by a 1-m-wide opening. The southernmost niche preserved traces of hydraulic mortar, a drainage hole, and the remains of a closing wall (ibid., 188).  Along the wall there is a continuous masonry bench (W 40 cm) with remains of lime plaster, which must have been a subsequent addition since it was superimposed on the painted surface and the slate floor.
WIthin the rear semicircular space (basin? garden?) was a concentric semicircular structure (W c. 7 m, only partially excavated) in which only a collapse layer with column shafts and fragments of tegulae and bricks was found (ibid., 188). 
The excavators raise the issue that the painted mural decoration preserved in the lower part of some of the exterior niches, not very understandable in a flooded space. This is contrasted by the differentiation of the southernmost recess, whose hydraulic lining and drainage avoid a special preparation of the places in contact with water. In addition, no signs of closing walls have been found in front of the slate corridor (Perez Olmedo et al. 1997, 191). There are no remains of pipes or basins, with the exception of the southern niche. They suggest that the structure may have been part of the garden layout, which included original developments to place ornamental statues, fountains, or benches, as part of a monumental facade facing a patio (ibid., 192–193)."	None recorded.	Perez Olmedo et al. 1997, 187, fig. 5	"Perez Olmedo et al. 1997, 187–193, figs 2, 5, pls IV–VI
Dahi Elena and Martin Chamoso 2012, 222
Regueras 2013, 45"	40.67133690522887, -6.6315231381319295
V.HI30	Santarém, Villa de Rio Maior	Hispania	rural villa	very partially excavated (772 m2, no published plan?)	1st-century villa, completely transformed in the second half of the 4th century (Fernandes de Oliveira 2003, 31)	1) second half of the 4th century (Fernandes de Oliveira 2003, 23)	"1) basin, peristyle, center
rectangular basin (L 7.13 m; W 2.62 m; D 40 cm), recessed. The columns of the inner peristyle were embedded into the wall of the impluvium basin (four at the corners and two more on each of the long sides)."	A fountain figure (91 cm x 42 cm x 31 cm) of a reclining nymph holding an amphora through which water once poured, was carved of local Estremoz white marble. The piece dating to the late 1st/early 2nd century (Pilar Reis and Oliveira 2009, 32) was reused in the 4th-century villa, as were the columns and bases of varying sizes surrounding the basin (Fernandes de Oliveira 2003, 23).	http://rio-maior-cidadania.blogspot.com/2009/12/villa-romana-de-rio-maior.html?showComment=1383670130029#c4745181449630207567	"Fernandes de Oliveira 2003, 21–23
Pilar Reis and Oliveira 2009, 32, 36"	39.33303321613316, -8.938784647189895
V.HI31	Talavera de la Reina, Villa de El Saucedo	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated	late 3rd/early 4th-century villa (on late 1st/early 2nd-century structures), late 5th-/early 6th-century insertion of Christian basilica and agricultural structures (Castelo Ruano et al. 2006, 174)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Castelo Ruano et al. 2006, 176)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle, center of NW side abutting the perimeter wall of the inner peristyle, facing the largest known hall 
fountain formed by two concentric circles, the inner one is a round basin (diam. c. 3.75 m), while three quadrangular arms extend from the larger circle (max. L. c. 9 m; max. W c. 8 m, each arm c. 1.5 x 1.5 m). 
An open drain hole in the interior wall connects both channels whose floors are of opus sigininum. The lower socle of the portico corridor was sheathed in local Lusitanian marbles of varying color."	Fragments of predominantly Lusitanian and Andalusian marbles (as well as two pieces of pavonazzetto and one of serpentino) were found in different strata of the villa's excavation out of context; however, it seems likely that some once adorned the large-scale fountain featured in the peristyle (Castelo Ruano et al. 2004 with an inventory of the fragments). Small marble fragments have been attributed to deities, including a fragment of a hand drawing a bow that may have belonged to a statuette of Eros (ibid., 196–198, fig. 2.2). An altar dedicated to the nymphs was found in the vicinity of the site in the late 18th century (Canto 2001, 111–117, fig. 3).	Castelo Ruano et al. 2014, 146, fig. 1	"Ramos Sainz 1992, 105–110
Aguado et al. 1998, 298–310
Canto 2001, 111–117, fig. 13
Castelo Ruano 2001–2002, fig. 6
Castelo Ruano et al. 2004, 189–201, figs 3.1–2
Castelo Ruano et al. 2006, 176, figs 3–6
Castelo Ruano et al. 2014, 145, fig. 1"	39.94399888583582, -4.889486031658395
V.HI32	Tarraco / Tarragona, Villa de Els Antigons	Hispania	suburban villa	partially excavated	earliest structures (pars rustica) date to the 1st century AD, villa built in the late 2nd/early 3rd century, occupied into the mid-5th century (Prevosti 2014, 35)	1) late 2nd/early 3rd century, maintained into the 5th century (Prevosti 2014, 35)	"1) fountain built in elevation, uncertain surrounding context
elongated pool (L. c. 18 m; min. W c. 80 cm; max. pres. H 80 cm) with niched facade lined with opus signinum. Its lengthy N side was articulated with semicircular niches at the center and at either end (diam. c 1 m). Adjacent to the semicircular niche on either end of the N side was a rectangular niche (diam. c 1 m) framed by two smaller semicircular niches (diam. c. 40 cm) (see reconstruction, Prevosti 2014, 29). At a height of c. 47 cm from the bottom of the pool was a step that extended c. 22 cm. Remains of marble revetment and blue glass tesserae with found in the fill of the pool (ibid., 37).
Neither the channel nor the openings through which the water must have entered were able to be identified. At one end is a drainage channel at the bottom, which led to the main sewer of the villa."	Each of the niches was probably decorated with a marble statue, as two almost whole and fragments of a third statue were found underneath the 5th-century fill in the pool. Overall, evidence for at least nine statues, including a marble torso of Dionysos with a panther, a satyr's head recarved from an earlier portrait, and a standing figure of Cybele, was found, most of which date to the 2nd/early 3rd century. According to Koppel and Roda (2008, 104–108), the statue of Cybele was carved from a reused marble molding specifically to be inserted in one of the niches.	Járrega Domínguez and Prevosti 2014, 17, fig. 4	"Koppel 1993, 224–226, pls 3–4
Stirling 2005, 184
Stirling 2007, 315
Koppel and Roda 2008, 102–108, figs 3–4
Járrega Domínguez and Prevosti 2014, 17, 22–23, figs 4–5
Koppel 2014
Prevosti 2014, 29–42, figs 1–8"	circa 41.129993, 1.175811
V.HI33	Toledo, Villa de la Vega Baja	Hispania	suburban villa	very partially excavated, 10.53 x 9.36 m exposed	late 3rd/early 4th century (Rubio Rivera, Valero Tevar, Molina Cañadas and Arcos Domínguez 2010, 58–60)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century (Balil 1961–1962, 123)	"1) freestanding fountain, center of peristyle/open-air court?
octagonal basin (W 2.25 m; D c. 30 cm based on Rubio Rivera, Valero Tevar, Molina Cañadas and Arcos Domínguez 2010, fig. 4) paved with polychrome mosaic in opus vermiculatum (mosaic W 2.1 m). The fountain was surrounded by a mosaic with port scenes (Mélida 1923, 23, note 1). The breaks found in the paving very probably correspond to the later removal of the lead supply pipe, a fragment of which was found underneath the mosaic (San Román 1934, 343; Balil 1961–1962, 131, note 18).

Possible fountain, reception hall, along NE wall
Based on the finding of a break for a drainage pipe along the adjacent door threshold, Mélida (1923, 22) suggests that the polygonal break in the mosaic may have been due to the presence of another nonextant fountain along the hall's NE wall. The hall was decorated with an intricate mosaic pavement depicting the four seasons with an emblem featuring colorful fish at its center. 

Both mosaics were removed and relocated to the local archaeological museum, so no further details can be determined beyond the report of Rubio Rivera, Valero Tevar, Molina Cañadas and Arcos Domínguez 2010."	None recorded.	Rubio Rivera, Valero Tevar, Molina and Arcos 2010, 56, plan	"Mélida 1923, 22
San Román 1934, 343
Balil 1961–1962, 123, 131
Neira Jimenez 1997, 242–243, figs 20–22
Peña Cervantes, García-Entero and Gómez Rojo 2009, 163, note 24
Rojas and Gómez 2009, 50–51
Rubio Rivera, Valero Tevar, Molina Cañadas and Arcos Domínguez 2010, 58–60, 67, figs 4–5"	39.862800444497566, -4.036855325555867
V.HI34	Torre Novas, Villa Cardílio	Hispania	rural villa	extensively excavated	1st-century construction, expanded in the 4th century (Alarçao 1988, 70)	1–5) 4th century (Alarçao 1988, 70)	"1) basin, square peristyle (20 m x 20 m), E side 
semicircular basin (W c. 2.35 m; radius c. 80 cm).

2) basin, square peristyle, S side 
semicircular basin (W c. 2.35 m; radius c. 80 cm).

3) basin, square peristyle, W side 
semicircular basin (W c. 2.35 m; radius c. 80 cm).

4) basin, square peristyle, N side 
semicircular basin (W c. 2.35 m; radius c. 80 cm).

5) open water channel, central square peristyle, surrounded central parterre 
open water channel (11 m x 11 m; gutter W 50 cm) lined in opus signinum. Equipped with running water and contiguous with #1–4 articulating each side.

A 7-m-deep well stands adjacent to the semicircular basin on the S side.

To the E of the peristyle is an exedra (10 x 6.5 m) paved in opus signinum, at the end of which the apse opens, preceded by a portico, with four columns in front and two on the sides, which Alarçao (1988, 70, fig. 73) proposes was a 'nymphaeum'."	A figure of a sleeping Eros was found in the villa (peristyle?), Alarçao 1988, 123.	Conejo Delgado 2017, 119, fig. 2	"Gorges 1979, 470–471, pls XLIX, IL
Alarçao 1988, 70, 123, figs 37, 73
Gorges 1994, 256
Dessales 2013b, 86, note 237
Conejo Delgado 2017, 100–101, fig. 2"	39.46949873518092, -8.49068355569673
V.HI35	Zaragoza, Villa de la Malena	Hispania	rural villa	partially excavated, > 2500 m2 excavated	early Imperial structures, reorganized and outfitted with mosaics in the mid-4th century (Royo Guillén 2003, 86)	1) mid-4th century (Royo Guillén 2003, 86)	"1) basin, peristyle, center
biapsidal basin (L ext. c. 8.2 m, int. c. 7.6 m; W ext. c. 6.8 m, int. c. 5.6 m; niche W 3 m; max. niche D 2 m). The basin was paved with red opus signinum, and both its exterior and interior were decorated with polychrome mosaics depicting fish and mollusks, only some of which have survived.
Encompassed by mosaic-paved galleries, the inner part of the trapezoidal peristyle was probably kept as a garden with the large basin at its center (Royo Guillén 1992, 153). A drainage channel was identified on the E side of the peristyle."	Fragments of at least four pieces of statuary were found in the vicinity of the peristyle, including a 4th-century headless female figure in white marble believed to be Athena-Demeter to its N and a nude male figure (drunken fawn?) in the S gallery, may have adorned one of the niches of the basin or the surrounding peristyle (Royo Guillén 1992, 160).	Royo Guillén 1992, 152, fig. 3	"Royo Guillén 1992, 153, 156, fig. 3, pls 12–16
Royo Guillén 2003, 39-43, 72–77, 86, fig. 3, pls 13–16"	41.256659458208155, -0.8458943204996707
V.IT1	Ausculum / Ascoli Satriano, Villa di Faragola	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated, 1125 m2 exposed (heavily damaged in a 2017 fire)	early Imperial structures, transformed and cenatio added in the late 4th/early 5th century, further embellished in the mid-5th century (repaving of the cenatio in marble & addition of the stibadium) (Volpe 2006, 323)	1) mid-5th century (Volpe 2006, 323)	"1) water-equipped stibadium, cenatio, NE end
masonry semicircular couch (W 4.02 m, max. radius 2.70 m, pres. H) at the center of which is a semicircular basin (1 m x 97 cm, D c. 60 cm). The couch and surrounding pavement were ornately decorated with inlaid marbles and bas-relief panels. The front face of the couch featured a reused oscillum (and imprint of a second), whereas the external face was revetted in white marble. The central basin was lined with white marble, and a ledge along its upper rim suggests the use of a marble sigma table. The stibadium was built directly on top of the polychrome mosaic pavement of the hall's previous phase (visible in the void below the couch, but not in the mid-5th century).
A fistula ran through the front of the stibadium (along the S corner of the semicircular basin), and two drainage holes found in the floor of the basin. Volpe (2011, 510) hypothesizes that the water from the basin would have overflowed in a cascade when turned on (partial remains of a likely tap were identified in excavation).

flooding effect, cenatio, center
Volpe (2006, 335) suggests that the slightly recessed (by c. 25 cm) rectangular area in front of the stibadium was intentionally flooded during banquets for cooling, based on the presence of a fistula embedded in the cenatio's entrance threshold, a masonry drainage channel, and a drain identified in the NW corner of the recessed area of the hall. When activated, the flooding effect would resemble that of a water mirror."	An Augustan funerary inscription and other reused slabs were visibly incorporated in the mid-5th-century paving of the cenatio. Two 2nd-century marble oscilla (diam. 50 cm), one of which depicted a female dancer from a mystery cult, were displayed on the front face of the stibadium. The only sculptural find was a 2nd-century marble statue of a child hunter found in the baths (Volpe and Turchiano 2013, 316).	Volpe and Turchiano 2012, 460, fig. 4	"Silvestrini 2005, 182–185
Hudson 2006, 229
Volpe 2006, 320–328, 335–343, figs 1–16, 46
Volpe 2011, 508–513, 520, figs. 1–7
Volpe and Turchiano 2012, 461–467, figs 4–15
Volpe and Turchiano 2013, 309–311, 315–316, 322
Murer 2020b, 183–185, 302, cat. 82, figs 72–73, pl. XXIII"	41.22907324245757, 15.559673623636007
V.IT2	Capra, Villa di Toscolano Maderno	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	foundation in the 1st century AD, expanded in the second half of the 2nd century, renovated in the first half of the 4th century, occupied into the 5th century (Roffia 2015, 263–264)	"1–2) first half of the 4th century
3) second half of the 2nd century
4) second half of the 2nd century, modified in the 4th century (Roffia 2001, 457)"	"1) freestanding fountain, S apsidal room facing the garden and the lake beyond
octagonal fountain (ext. side c. 70 cm; int. side at the base c. 38 cm) built inside a square wall structure (2.30 x 2.30 m), about 0.50 m high, made of pebbles, stones and bricks. The fountain had two concentric steps, the first 13 cm high, the second 27 cm high, which were revetted with gray and white marble and set within the hall's opus sectile floor. A fountain jet would have spouted from the center of the basin (Roffia 2015, 273). The fountain was equipped with a fistula that was connected to a water supply conduit that ran E-W from the center of the apse, with a slope of 5.7% towards the fountain, with a pressure sufficient to allow the natural outflow of water from the hole of the basin (Roffia 2015, 91–92, figs. 11–12). The evacuation outlet was in the E side of the fountain; the channel continued E into the garden.

2) freestanding fountain, N apsidal room facing the garden and the lake beyond
octagonal fountain identical in location, size, and construction characteristics, including the gray and white marble revetment to #1. A fountain jet would have spouted from the center of the basin. A drainage channel (W 34 cm; D 30 cm) allowed the exit of the water from the basin of the fountain. Its parapets (W c. 40 cm) are made of fragments of bricks and tiles, stones and pebbles and covered by stone slabs.

3) pool [bacino-fontana], to the E of the two apsidal halls overlooking Lake Garda
elongated pool (L 47 m; W 6.6 m) articulated with eleven alternating niches (W 1.2 m; D 50 cm; space between them 1.5 m) on each of its long sides, terminating in bulbous extensions (diam. 8 m) with facing semicircular niches (diam. 2.4 m) at both short ends. Lined in hydraulic mortar, but the many marble fragments found suggest it was once decorated. Two curved masonry structures (est. diam. 3.26 m) located inside the pool, mirrored at the N and S ends, were probably bases for sculptural groups or labra (Roffia 2015, 104–105, figs. 28–29). The better investigated structure on the S side presents a central hole that suggests the presence of a fistula for a water jet (Roffia 2015, 274). An evacuation conduit was identified in the SE corner. 

4) open water channel, along the E and W sides of the pool
channel (West: W ext. 90 cm, int. 40 cm; East: W ext. 80 cm, int. 30 cm). Lined in gray stone. It flanked the pool before flowing into it (Roffia 2015, 108–109, figs. 31–34). Perhaps in association were the fragments of a marble labrum were found in the loggia of the garden between hall 55 and the pool (Roffia 2015, 103)."	Fragments of statuary were found in early explorations but cannot be associated with certain findspots (Roffia 2015, 30)	Roffia 2013, 126, fig. 9	"Roffia 2001, 453–459, figs 1, 4–5
Bonini 2005, 268–269, fig. 152
Dessales 2013b, 358
Roffia 2013, 126–129, fig. 9
Roffia 2015, 85, 90–96, 103–105, 273–274, figs 1, 11–12, 20, 27–29, 31"	45.68159895857118, 10.616912826015277
V.IT3	Capraia, Villa dei Vetti	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	1st/2nd-century structure abandoned, on top of which the 4th-century villa was constructed, refurbished and extended to the N in the 5th century, abandoned in the first half of the 6th century (Cantini 2012, 166–167)	1) 5th century (Raneri et al. 2018, 110)	"1) [fountain?] basin, garden court 6, NE wall
semicircular basin (max W ext. c 3.2 m, int. c. 2.2 m; max D ext. c 2.3 m, int. c. 1.4 m) lined with cocciopesto. A fragment of a white marble slab commemorating the local aristocrat Vettius Pretestato (d. AD 384) was integrated into the paving of the basin. The finding of four other marble fragments and traces of imprints of other slabs indicate further revetment, which is no longer extant. According to Cantini (2017, 13) the lead fistula located at the center of the interior curve of the basin served to evacuate the water.

The painted wall decoration of the hexagonal structure included depictions of small black kantharos fountains on a red background (Raneri et al. 2018, 110)."	A 4th-century slab with an honorific inscription of Vettius Pretestato was reused in the floor of the semicircular basin.	Cantini el al. 2016, 118, fig. 2	"Alderighi and Cantini 2010, 53–54, 76–78, figs 8c, 33–35
Cantini 2012, 166–167
Cantini el al. 2016, fig. 2
Cantini et al. 2017, 12–13, 65, fig. 4
Lezzerini et al. 2017, fig. 1
Raneri et al. 2018, 110"	43.74828470615119, 10.984016953482358
V.IT4	Cecina, Villa di San Vincenzino	Italy	rural villa	max. expansion c. 10,000 m2	1st-century BC foundation, renovation and monumentalization in the late 2nd/3rd century (especially the area of the large peristyle), addition of the cenatio in the early 4th century, further embellishment in the first half of the 5th century (Donati 2012, 151–155)	"1) Severan, glass decor added in the 5th century
2) late Republican, altered during the Severan renovation
3) early 4th century
4) Severan
5) late Republican (Donati 2012, 151–155)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, summer triclinium, W branch of peristyle, S niche
recessed rectangular basin (2.78 x 1.70 m) lined in cocciopesto at the center of the masonry dining couches. The supply conduit, overflow tank, and evacuation outlet were identified on the E side of the basin (Donati et al. 2002, 406–407). A lead fistula was found in situ in the adjacent portico as well as a hole for a valve that would have allowed the water to be turned on and off and create opportunities for giochi d'acqua (Paoletti and Genovesi 2012, 181, fig. 12a-b).
Extensive spoliation has destroyed much of the space, but, on the basis of the finds, Donati (2012, 286–287, fig. 14) reconstructs a fountain built in elevation with multiple niches covered with pumice and yellow, blue and green glass mosaic, with profiles highlighted by a shell border based on the fragmentary finds in the space. Donati et al. (2002, 406) suggest that the many listels found with rounded rods of white and gray veined marble once covered the steps of a cascade element.

2) fountain built against wall, larger peristyle, NW corner
small rectangular basin lined with cocciopesto. The basin was divided into 3 parts (perhaps for giochi d'acqua?) and embellished with a curved face during the Severan renovation. Subsequently, a small quadrangular basin (m 1.6 x 1.3) with a parapet and a base in cocciopesto was added to the center of the front face of the fountain; it may have received water from the basin above, forming a small cascade (Paoletti and Genovesi 2012, 183).

3) freestanding fountain, reception hall NW of larger peristyle, center of tripartite entrance
quadrangular fountain (L 71 cm; W 70 cm; max. H 15 cm), the brick and stone base of which was covered with marble (Donati 2012, 335–337, figs. 12, 14–15). A lead fistula was preserved at the center of the base, which provided pressurized water for a nonextant standing element (labrum or statue).

4) freestanding fountain, larger peristyle, center
fountain with a circular profile (diam. 3.5 m), the basin of which is divided into four symmetrically faced lobes, entirely covered with hydraulic cocciopesto. The basin was set on a platform and its floor was probably mosaic-covered. Water entered the basin from the NW, through a lead fistula coming from the NW corner of the peristyle courtyard. The pipe must have bent abruptly upward until it reached the basin elevation, where water entered by pressure, likely forming a jet. The slope of the pipe in the path upstream of the fountain (about 1.5%) and the strong change of direction in its final section would have created the necessary pressure (Donati 2012, 180–181). Fragments of a bronze valve were unearthed. Water was evacuated from the basin through an outlet in the SE sector of the face of the fountain. A deposit of marbles was found surrounding this fountain (Donati 2012, 395).

5) basin, atrium, center
recessed rectangular basin (L 7 m; W 5.5 m), heavily spoliated.

The water supply was provided by a late Republican underground cistern (17.85 x 6.82 m) with a water filtration system and reinforced in the Severan period with a connection to an aqueduct."	"An alabaster statuette of Isis (H 13 cm; W 8 cm) was found in a pile amassed during spoliation, assigned to #1. Reused marbles decorated #3 (Donati 2012, 340).

"	Nifosi 2014–2015, 44, fig. 16	"Donati et al. 2002, 406–412
Donati and Benetti 2010, 447
Valenti 2010, 512–513
Donati 2012, 153–203, 285–295, 329–350
Paoletti and Genovesi 2012, 169–184, 189–194, figs 12a-b
Nifosi 2015, 37–40, figs 14, 40
Genovesi 2021, 256–258, figs 5–6"	43.31004853267819, 10.511106334051417
V.IT5	Desenzano del Garda, Villa di Desenzano	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	foundation in the 1st century AD, rebuilt between AD 335 and 350, further refurbishments in the late 4th/early 5th century (Scagliarini Corlàita 1994, 45–51)	1–2) between AD 335 and 350 (Scagliarini Corlàita 1994, 50–51)	"1) fountain built in elevation, viridarium W of the triconch hall, W wall 
fountain façade (L 9.40 m) with seven niches set into the W wall of the viridarium and an additional niche (W 1.5 m) set into both adjacent lateral walls (N & S). The semicircular central niche (W 2.5 m) is considerably larger than the others (W 80 cm), the forms of which alternate between rectangular and semicircular. The niches, which were once lined with cocciopesto and probably framed with colonnettes, sit atop a 80-cm-high podium that projects outwards 40 cm. Each of the smaller niches presents a hole in its back wall from which water would have spouted, and another at its base, whereas the central niche only has one rectangular hole. Ghislanzoni (1962, 24) suggests that the lower hole in the smaller niches served as drainage based on the assumption that each niche contained a basin at its base. Within the fountain podium was an open rectangular water basin, from which the water was channeled across the garden into another channel running along the exterior of the W apse of the triconch hall (Sfameni 2006, 110). 
Unfortunately, only the lower part is preserved and the fountain was heavily restored in the 1930s, so certain details cannot be determined, especially regarding its decor. Ghislanzoni (1962, 30) suggests that the W apse of the triconch hall may have featured a picture window onto the viridarium; a hole in the same W apse communicated with the viridarium (Scagliarini Corlàita 1994, 53; Sfameni 2006, 98, note 95). Traces of frescoes depicting brightly colored garden scenes, including a lattice fence, were found on the N and E walls of the viridarium wall (Sfameni 2006, 71).

2) open water channel, viridarium
channel running W-E across the garden before merging with another that follows the curved exterior of the W apse of the triconch hall to the E.

Throughout the complex, drainage ran N-S due to a natural slope towards the lake (Rossi and Portulano 1994, 163)."	Marble fragments belonging to at least twelve 2nd-century statues and statuettes and a 4th-century head of Apollo were found in 4th/5th-century layers in sector A, many in the cistern under the peristyle, others from one of the rooms adjacent to a reception room, and still more from the octagonal room near the garden (Scagliarini Corlàita et al. 1994, 59–110 for detailed descriptions). Stirling (2005, 175–176) suggests that the two figures of Hercules and the statue of Dionysos may have stood in the fountain niches.	Roffia 2013, 128, fig. 12	"Ghislanzoni 1962, 24–30
Neuerburg 1965, 76, 258, no. 228
Letzner 1990, 431, no. 301, fig. 114
Roffia 1994, 35–37, figs 10–11
Rossi and Portulano 1994, 163, fig. 46
Scagliarini Corlàita 1994, 45–53
Scagliarini Corlàita et al. 1994, 59–110, esp. note 23
Scagliarini Corlàita 1997, 201–202
Roffia 2001, 455
Stirling 2005, 176–177, figs 60–61
Sfameni 2006, 70–71, 98, 109–110
Roffia 2013, 129, figs 12–13
Basso et al. 2023, 59, figs 21, 23–24"	45.47332495874878, 10.538526403601582
V.IT6	Maiorano di Viggiano, Villa di Maiorano di Viggiano	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	4th century (Russo 2005, 245)	1) 4th century (Russo 2005, 245)	"1) ground-level fountain, apsidal hall (4.40 x 3.80 m), center, on axis with the apse
fountain jet emitted through a circular hole in a rectangular pavonazzetto slab (L c. 1 m, W c. 60 cm) inserted at the center of the space's geometric mosaic floor. Underneath the slab and in alignment with the hole was found a vertical lead pipe, which was fed by a long fistula contained in a narrow channel of bricks and tile oriented E-W.

Russo (2005, 247) hypothesizes the use of a wooden stibadium, from which the fountain jet would have been visible to diners."	None recorded.	Russo 2005, 250, fig. 3	"Russo 2005, 241–247, figs 3, 9–10
Tassinari 2007, 77–78
Dall'Aglio and Tassinari 2009, 369
Volpe 2011, 519
Donnici 2015 (TESS, http://tess.beniculturali.unipd.it/web/scheda/?recid=18112)
Sfameni 2019, 238, fig. 6"	40.3523235412638, 15.882316341784723
V.IT7	Palazzi di Casignana, Villa di Casignana	Italy	maritime villa	mostly excavated, estimated expanse 5,000 m2	1st-century AD foundation, monumentalization in the late 3rd/4th century, abandoned in mid-5th century (Grillo 2018, 642)	"1) late 3rd/4th century
2) 3rd century (Grillo 2018, 642)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, garden, W side
rectangular fountain basin (5 x 5 m) with an apse on its W side. Pilasters at the four corners likely supported a roof over the fountain. The space just In front of the fountain is occupied by a large base of limestone blocks. On its corner blocks, two round hollows are visible, where two nonextant columns stood, perhaps supporting a pediment of some form.
The excavators (Sabbione et al. 2007, 61) observe traces of earlier structures covered by the 4th-century fountain and concludes that it was constructed in several phases.
Behind the fountain are five rectangular water tanks lined with hydraulic plaster (estimated capacity 245 m3). The closest (8.7 x 4.9 m, pres. D c. 1.3 m) to the fountain preserves a pebble-lined floor that slopes gently towards the fountain, suggesting that the tank supplied it, even though no pipes are preserved (Bruni 2009, 194, note 702). It has been suggested that the other four tanks were used for fish-rearing.

2) basin, court, slightly off-center
elongated oval basin (L c. 7.5m; W c. 1.25 m). An evacuation outlet was identified at its narrow E end, which channeled water out towards the sea (Grillo 2018, 650–651, figs. 11–12)."	None recorded.	Grillo 2018, 643, fig. 2	"Sabbione 2007, 61–63, figs 74 C, 76–79, 159
Bruni 2009, 14–15, 21, 194–195, fig. 2.4
Bruni 2011, 485
Grillo 2018, 642, 645–647, 650–651, figs 2–3, 11–12"	38.117798121078394, 16.15884004879613
V.IT8	Pesaro, Villa di Colombarone	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	villa built between the late 3rd and mid-4th centuries on top of earlier structures, major renovation in late 5th/early 6th century with the addition of a cenatio, which was then transformed into the basilica di San Cristoforo ad Aquilam in the later 6th century (Dall'Aglio and Tassinari 2009a, 94)	"1) 4th century 
2) late 5th/early 6th century (Dall Aglio and Tassinari 2009b, 367–371)"	"1) freestanding fountain, court (SW area of villa), center
round basin (max. diam. 13 m) at the center of which stood a square masonry base (side c. 3.30 m, pres. D 70 cm) inscribed with four semicircular niches (one per side). The pavement of the niches consisted of a thin layer of hydraulic cocciopesto on top of a horizontal layer of mortar and pebbles, while nothing is preserved of the upper part. Masonry fragments projecting from the base have been interpreted as bases for columns or pillars at the E and W corners (Tassinari 2007, 37–38). Though little remains of the fountain's surroundings due to extensive spoliation, the excavators have identified two rectilinear corridors to the N and S of the fountain, the area around which they hypothesize may have been a garden. 

2) possible stibadium, cenatio M
No traces remain of the presumed stibadium (perhaps it was made of wood); only the hall's apse (W 6.85 m, D 4.30 m), which was raised 25 cm above the floor level of the rest of the hall and paved with opus sectile, was identified with geophysics and sondages (Tassinari, Destro, Di Luca and Pagani 2008, 26–29). 

Underneath the geometric mosaic pavement of cenatio M (14.6 x 9.3 m), the remains of two curving water pipes that join together and run towards the W led the excavators to hypothesize that the hall would have once been animated with water displays that are not preserved due to the subsequent insertion of a Christian basilica with synthronon into the space (Tassinari 2007, 144)."	None recorded.	Tassinari 2007, 28, pl. II	"Dall'Aglio et al. 1997
Tassinari 2007, 35–40, 72, 144, figs 31–37, 40
Tassinari, Destro, Di Luca and Pagani 2008, 26–28
Dall Aglio and Tassinari 2009a, 367
Dall Aglio and Tassinari 2009b, 94–95, fig. 3
Volpe 2018, 444
Morvillez 2019, 202, fig. 11"	43.95089629053675, 12.788152742021826
V.IT9	Piazza Armerina, Villa del Casale	Italy	rural villa	extensively excavated, c. 4000 m2 exposed	1st-century foundation, superceded by a much larger, early 4th-century villa (AD 320–330), expansion in the later 4th century (addition of triconch, xystus, fountains in the entrance court) (Pensabene and Gallocchio 2010, 333–336)	"1, 3–4, 9–16) dated to the villa's second phase, c. 370/395 
2, 5–8) AD 320–330 (first phase) (Pensabene 2016, 248)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, oval peristyle, W end, facing the triconch triclinium on the opposite side of the oval court along its dominant axis
semicircular exedra fountain (W 8 m; D 4.90 m) framed by two masonry dado that reduced the width to 6.60 m. 3 semicircular niches (W 1.4–1.5 m, D 60 cm) were set at a H of 70 cm from the floor and were framed with arches. The largely preserved left niche indicates that the fountain was of considerable height. Pensabene and Gallocchio (2008, 75) reconstruct a semidome over the exedra due to the thickness of its exterior buttresses. Water would have once flowed from spout holes visible at the base of each niche with the capability of flooding the oval peristyle with a shallow surface of water (see below, Pensabene and Gallocchio 2008, 75). A square cocciopesto base in the center of the peristyle was connected to the piped water system that supplied the fountain (Pensabene and Barresi 2019, 43). The supply came from the large cistern behind the triconch hall that was fed by the E branch of the aqueduct.

2) fountain built in elevation, apsidal hall, apse, center
semicircular niche (W 1.75 m) lined with marble at the base of the apse identified as a fountain based on the findings of recent excavations (Gallocchio 2014, 284). On the N outer perimeter of the apse, a pipe was placed at a lower level than the interior sectile floor, with a trajectory that must have crossed at least part of the apse. The analysis of the two masonry parapets placed on the rear wall of the apse and comparison with #5 led Gallocchio (2014, 284, fig. 9) to reconstruct a small cascade fountain underneath the statuary niche above (that probably contained the colossal Hercules statue in Proconnesian marble). One of the villa's two aqueducts arrived at the rear of the apse (Pensabene and Gallocchio 2008, 73–75).

3 & 4) fountains built in elevation, entrance arch, either side
double-sided fountains set between the two pilasters of the central arched portal at the entrance. All four niches were once decorated by colorful mosaic and framed by rounded arches, but the two exterior fountains flanking the entrance to the villa have rectangular basins (L 3.15 m; H c. 75 cm) while the interior ones feature semicircular basins (W c. 2.5 m; radius 1.3 m; H c. 70 cm), all paved with white tesserae (Gentili 1999 I, 37–41). The exterior fountain niches were lined with black and white mosaic (mostly plain, but with a horizontal frieze of birds and rose branches just below the niches), whereas the 'triumphal arch' frame was painted with megalographic images and panels imitating marble opus sectile (Gallocchio 2014, 282). The recesses for the pipes remain visible.

5) fountain built in elevation, hemicycle court, centered against rear wall, facing apsidal room 32, not visible except from interior 
semicircular niche fountain (W ext. 1.55 m, int. c. 1 m; D 80 cm; pres. H 1.45 m); the top of the niche is not preserved (Neuerburg 1959, 25; Neuerburg 1965, 62, fig. 131). Three levels of staggered marble crustae in the lower section of the niche would have created miniature cascades; the water would have evacuated into the drain in the NW of the space. The back wall on either side of the niche fountain was once painted with a illusory scene of two large windows behind which extended a rich garden. At the center of each fake window was a fountain with a hemispherical basin attached to a ledge on which two facing birds rest on either side. The scene is no longer decipherable, but it was described and illustrated by Gentili (1999 I, 177, fig. 36.2) in a watercolor rendering. The portico of the semicircular court is paved with scenes of erotes fishing (Dunbabin 1999, 139–140, fig. 144), whereas the inner court is paved in marble. 

6) ground-level fountain, peristyle, center
fountain (max. L 20.40 m; W 8.90 m) comprised of three adjacent, intercommunicating basins, the exteriors of which were all lined with marble. On the E and W ends are semicircular basins (radius 3.60 m), whereas the central basin (D 1.5 m) is an irregular, elongated shape with facing semicircular niches at its center (radius 3.50 m) and concave short ends due to the connections with the two other basins. The interiors of the basins were faced in mosaic with fish depicted on the edge above the water line, and plain tesserae below. Notches in the parapets between the basins allowed for overflow between them. A statuette of an erote, missing its head, arms and left leg, while the right one has been reassembled, was found in the W sector of the central basin; Sfameni (2009, 158, fig. 8) assigns the erote to the octagonal base at the center of the fountain, where it would have been animated with a jet; whereas Gentili (1999 I, 80) reconstructs a labrum there instead. Supply pipes were found next to a base in each of the semicircular basins, suggesting that statuary once stood at either end of the fountain (Carandini, Ricci, and De Vos 1982, 128). 

7) ground-level fountain, apsidal room 39 (with Orpheus mosaic), center, framed by the room's columnar entrance
quadrangular basin (L & W 1.25 m) in white marble with a concentric inner channel and a fountain jet at the center. It was probably once a catch basin for a pedestal fountain, no traces of which are preserved (Pensabene and Barresi 2019, 75). Traces of blue glass tesserae were found, but they may have belonged to the room's back wall (Doumeyrou 1989, 42).

8) ground-level fountain, hemicycle court, center
quadrangular fountain basin (L and W 80 cm) with a concentric channel (W 20 cm) in white marble and a central fountain jet. The fountain was supplied by a fistula that arrived from the south fed by the villa's E aqueduct, but also it collected rainwater.

9–14) ground-level fountains, oval peristyle
two quadrangular fountain basins (L and W c. 90 cm) were built in reused marbles on either side of the E passage towards the triconch triclinium. Another four quadrangular fountains (L & W c. 1.2 m) were aligned along the E-W axis of the oval peristyle, which appear to have been connected to the flooding effects generated with #1 (Pensabene and Barresi 2019, 43). Channels for the pipes and drains of the peristyle were identified 50 cm below the pavement level in the recent excavations (Pensabene and Gallocchio 2010, 336). The peristyle had a slight indentation to retain water and was paved with rainbow chevron mosaic that replaced a previous polychrome opus sectile pavement, perhaps to enhance the watery effects.

15) basin, semicircular entrance portico, center
quadrangular basin (1.7 m/side) paved in opus signinum and delineated by white marble slabs, poorly preserved. Gentili (1999 I, 49) suggests that a pedestal basin once stood at its center, but no traces remain.

16) basin, corridor between the oval peristyle and the corridor with the Great Hunt mosaic, N wall
semicircular basin paved with rainbow chevron mosaic (same motif as in the oval peristyle) (Pensabene and Barresi 2019, 44).

A second aqueduct branch appears to have been directly connected to this S sector of the villa during the second late antique construction phase. See Pensabene and Gallocchio 2008 regarding the water supply and evacuation."	Reused marble slabs were found in different areas of the villa, including in the two small fountains between the oval peristyle and the triconch triclinium; a marble capital was also reused as a well. Numerous marble fragments of ideal statuary were found, including Venus Anadyomene with an erote and a dolphin, a foot of another erote with a water channel in its base, a colossal head, a nude male torso (possibly Hercules), another male torso, and two statues of Apollo (Lycaeus and Sauroktonos). Feet belonging to two 4th-century portraits were also found, demonstrating that the villa owner combined older and contemporary statuary (Stirling 2005, 174-175).	Wilson 2020b, fig. 2	"Neuerburg 1957–1959, 25, figs 7–8
Neuerburg 1965, 62, 89–90, 106–107, no. 1, figs 131, 158–159
Carandini, Ricci, and De Vos 1982, 128, 298
Doumeyrou 1989, 42
Dunbabin 1999, 139–140, fig. 144
Gentili 1999 I, 37–41, 49, 65, 79–83, 132, 151–152, 176–178, 204–205, 247–250, figs 1.1, 1.7-8, 1.10, 2.1-2, 8.1, 8.16–19, 10.1, 32.6, 36.1–2, 44.1, 64.1
Stirling 2005, 174–175
Pensabene and Gallocchio 2008, 73–77
Sfameni 2009, 156–161, figs 2, 8
Pensabene and Gallocchio 2010, 333–336, figs 1–3, 7 
Volpe 2011, 517–520, figs 17–19
Wilson 2011, 58–59, 67
Gallocchio 2014, 282–284, fig. 9
Pensabene 2016, 248
Pensabene and Barresi 2019, 43–44, 50, 75, figs 2, 10, 68, 79, 128
Wilson 2020b, fig. 2"	37.364774363112, 14.335096530472923
V.IT10	Rome, Ninfeo della Lucchina	Italy	suburban villa	very partially excavated, except for the fountain room and part of the necropolis	early 3rd-century chamber incorporated into nearby villa and transformed into a fountain room in the late 3rd/early 4th century (Santolini Giordani 1993, 119)	1) late 3rd/early 4th-century transformation into a fountain room (Santolini Giordani 1993, 119)	"1) enclosed fountain room, unknown connection to a nearby villa
round underground room (diam. 5.20 m, pres. H 4.30 m) excavated into the tufa bedrock and lined with opus mixtum. Originally a quadrangular space, the space was transformed into a round configuration, crowned by a dome in caementitium decorated with blue and red pumice and shells. Two fountain niches were placed in the upper part of the wall (see water configuration description below). The base of the wall was covered with a 30-cm-high white marble socle above which were wall paintings. Polychrome mosaic pinakes decorated the impost plane of the vaults with representations of fish and depictions of the goddess Roma. The mosaic pavement featured geometric motifs, kantharoi, and vine shoots;  the original rectangular composition was awkwardly adapted to fit the revised round space (Santolini Giordani 1991–1992, 221–230). At the center of the rotunda floor is a section of mixed reused marble slabs that were later disturbed by repairs in reused materials.
The rotunda is accessed via an underground entrance corridor (L 8 m; W 1.5 m) with pavements of black and white geometric and vegetal mosaic as well as a section of mixed reused marble tesserae (Santolini Giordani 1993, 116, fig. 5), wall panels painted with imitation marble panels separated from a vault painted with vine shoots, birds and erotes by a red band (Bressan 2003, 276). A secondary entrance with a ramp leading above ground departed from this corridor, perhaps used as a service connection with the villa (Santolini Giordani 1993, 115–116).
The space was connected to the nearby cistern through a series of channels. One of the conduits (H 1.60 m; W 55 cm) is located in front of the primary entrance corridor: the 50-cm difference in level between the bed of the conduit and the floor of the rotunda at a higher level was filled by two steps consisting of bipedals, which had the dual purpose of dampening the rapid flow of water when it flowed into the rotunda and creating the effect of a small waterfall when it flowed out of it. Approximately 45° to the S, a second conduit (H 1.80 m; W 55 cm) opened into the rotunda, creating another cascade. A third is apparent from a small cavity underneath which remain traces of limescale (Santolini Giordani 1993, 117–118). Evacuation channels depart radially to regulate the overflow water and channel it into the late cistern (Bressan 2003, 298)."	The fountain room and attached cistern were constructed from reused materials, including epitaphs from the adjacent necropolis. Reused marble statuary fragments (belonging to two figures of Apollo, Hercules, a fist, a dolphin, and a lion head spout) were also found within the rotunda (Santolini Giordani 1993, 116). No further details have been published since Santolini Giordani suspects some may have belonged in the villa above and were deposited in the underground chamber after its abandonment.	Santolini Giordani 1993, 115, fig. 3	"Santolini Giordani 1991–1992, 226–228, fig. 310
Santolini Giordani 1993, 113–120, figs 2–7
Bressan 2003, 257, 264, 267, 270–271, 276, 286, 289, 298
Maiuro 2008, 207
Conte 2013, 687–688"	41.95979428056967, 12.390677141441136
V.IT11	Rome, Tempio di Minerva Medica	Italy	suburban villa, garden pavilion	pavilion fully excavated, villa estate very partially excavated	early 4th century with later updates (addition of buttresses, apses, niches, fountains, and heating) in the 4th and 5th centuries (Coates-Stephens 2001, 222, 225)	1–2) mid-4th/5th century (Coates-Stephens 2001, 222, 225)	"1 & 2) fountains built in elevation, lateral annexes to the decagonal pavilion 
semicircular niche fountains (diam. c. 18.5 m) with basins below?

Based on the hydraulic conduits found, Gallocchio (2018, 34) posits that the smaller niches in the two annexes contained fountain jets, similar to the aedicular fountain niches in the façade fountain in the Domus di Amore e Psiche at Ostia (D.IT7). Both fountains were visible through tall apsidal windows in four of the ten semicircular niches of the decagonal hall (diam. c. 24 m; H c. 32 m), above which corresponded ten arched windows. The interior was faced with marble to the height of the base of the vault, which latter was decorated in mosaic as were the semi-domes of the niches and the interior of the arch over the main entrance.

Gallocchio (2018, 34, note 23) notes that the decagonal fountain at the center of the hall along with an external cistern were much later additions, perhaps 18th century. The water supply and drainage system, hypocaust, and praefurnia were discovered in the central hall and the eastern curving room by DAI excavations (Stettler 1957, 124)."	A foundation wall with marble slabs, architectural elements, and both antique and late antique statues built into it was unearthed nearby, perhaps some of these pieces were taken from the pavilion (Coates-Stephens 2001, 218, citing Lanciani).	Gallocchio 2018, 32, fig. 2	"Stettler 1957, 123–124, 126, fig. 1
Letzner 1990, 379, no. 217, fig. 83
Guidobaldi 1998, 487, 497, 505, fig. 5
Guidobaldi 1999, 62–63
Coates-Stephens 2001, 218, 222–225
Biasci 2003, 162, 172
Stirling 2005, 167–168
Barbera et al. 2007
Gallocchio 2018, 34, figs 1–2"	41.89411498881608, 12.511843553079087
V.IT12	Rome, Villa dei Quintili	Italy	imperial suburban villa	partially excavated	late 1st/early 2nd-century construction, rebuilt under Commodus, restorations into the 4th century, intensive spoliation phase in the late 4th and 5th centuries (Paris, Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2015, 196–197)	"1) early 2nd-century, inward-facing exedra transformed into an outward-facing fountain under Commodus (161–192), late 3rd-century restoration (Paris, Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2015, note 31)
2) mid-3rd century
3) 2nd century, with later expansion?
4) 2nd century, with 5th-century updates"	"1) fountain built in elevation, set within the exedra at the end of the large hippodrome garden, at the entrance to the villa facing the Via Appia
two-storey semicircular exedra with two lateral wings constructed in opus listatum. The upper zone is articulated with five alternating semicircular and rectangular niches; the central semicircular niche is larger and its vault once preserved traces of mosaic. The two orders of niches once hosted statues and sculptural groups; water flowed from the niches into basins decorated with mosaics and marble slabs. The exedra was covered by a half dome inserted in a round arch. Four columns decorated the facade, framing the niches on the two rectilinear wings. The exedra's basin was closed with a brick wall, to which the longitudinal marble basin made of reused elements, including a funerary relief with bucrania, was attached. This basin and the floor with large polychrome tesserae covering the semicircular space in front of the fountain have been dated to the second half of the 3rd century (Lalli 2010; Paris, Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2015, note 31).
Fragments of painted plaster from the vault and two 2nd-century pilaster capitals with dolphins were found in the collapse layers as was a deposit of marble slabs that once clad walls and floors (Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2006, 286).
The fountain was fed by the internal aqueduct (N) and equipped with its own irregularly shaped water tank just behind it. A network of canals, partly for the drainage of the fountain's cistern and partly probably for rainwater drainage was found underneath the rooms just behind the fountain. 

2) fountain built in elevation, facing a hall on the opposite side of the court with the dolia that was also flanked by two smaller halls
rectilinear fountain wall articulated with five alternating semicircular and rectangular niches lined with marble. 
According to the excavators, the fountain wall was the display element of a small wine production complex (cella vinaria) and was connected to tanks communicating with an adjacent torcularium. The three central fountain niches are suggested to have spouted grape must given the thin channels connecting them to 16 dolia recessed into the pavement in front of the fountain wall (Dodd, Frontoni and Galli 2023, 444). The outer two niches were equipped with water. 
The polychrome opus sectile pavement in the adjacent hall together with the number of fragments of capitals, cornices, and entablatures found indicates that the entire space was richly embellished with marble (ibid., 238–239).

3) fountain built in elevation, marble court, S corner
hemicycle fountain (W & max. D c. 3.5 m) built in tufo blocks featuring giochi d'acqua and three alternating rectangular and semicircular niches for statuary. Galli suggests that it underwent an expansion in opus listatum in the Severan period (Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2006, 288). Just beyond the fountain was a shrine in which a marble head of Asclepius was found. 

4) fountain built in elevation, S of residential nucleus, attached to a small bath complex that was built subsequently
fountain with semicircular basin with two adjacent cisterns. Channels [supply and/or evacuation?] were visible due to the removal of pavements (Paris 2000, 41). Brick stamps dated to the reign of Theodoric were uncovered in this area (Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2006, 284–294, fig. 293)."	Reused marble blocks, including a funerary relief with bucrania, were used for the basin that was added to #1. A 2nd-century statue of a niobe found directly behind #1. Marble sculptures depicting a variety of male and female deities (Hercules, Dionysos, Apollo, Mercury, Zeus, Diana, Venus, Fortuna), muses, nymphs, satyrs and maenads, herms and genre motifs were found in early excavations. See Serra 2015, 48–62 for a list of statuary finds potentially associated with the villa, including seven fountain figures.	Frontoni, Galli and Paris 2020, 241, fig. 1	"Letzner 1990, 402–403, no. 256
Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2006, 284–294, figs 287–294
Paris, Frontoni, Galli and Lalli 2015, 196–197, 204–207, note 31, fig. 12
Serra 2015, 48–62
Spera 2019, 478, note 132
Frontoni, Galli and Paris 2020, 235–245, figs 1, 3–4
Gangale Risoleo 2020, 30–31, fig. 4
Dodd, Frontoni and Galli 2023, 444, figs 1–3, 5"	41.83027933097977, 12.551556796173235
V.IT13	Rome, Villa di Massenzio	Italy	imperial suburban villa	partially excavated	2nd-century BC villa rustica, expanded in the 1st century AD, incorporated into Herodes Atticus' estate in the 2nd century AD, transformed into suburban imperial palace in the early 4th century (Santucci 2018, 246)	1–2) 1st century AD, early 4th-century restorations (Pisani Sartorio and Calza 1976, 23–27, 56, 58, 109–110)	"1) enclosed fountain room, terrace below the Maxentian villa
fountain room with an irregularly trapezoidal plan, covered by a barrel vault set at a height of 1.55 m. from the floor. The structure was carved out of a bank of tufo.
On the back wall was a semicircular niche in opus reticulatum. On the side walls are two rectangular niches, later broken through at the back to make two openings (Pisani Sartorio and Calza 1976, 21). Two underground galleries were carved on either side at a later date. Scanty traces of wall mosaics were preserved. 
4th-century restorations included a new hydraulic configuration and a new pavement. A small basin was added at the base of the semicircular niche and another quadrangular basin lined with a border of reused cipollino and white marble cornices was set into the floor paved irregularly with a mosaic of white marble tiles (ibid., 23, 27, pl. XVI.1). A channel connected the semicircular niche on the back wall to the basin in the floor before evacuating the water outside the fountain room. The walls were probably repainted, and benches were built along three of them for sitting or perhaps for placing plants.
On top of the 2nd-century fountain room was built a quadrangular structure (L 6.5 m, W 6.3 m) with thin opus listatum walls that followed the same contours as the room below, including the rear niche. Behind the apse of the 4th-century structure, a hole was found, which was filled with debris from the collapse of the buildings above; it was therefore not possible to ascertain whether it once contained pipes for the passage of water to the niche underneath (ibid., 109–110).

Early 4th-century fountains were also constructed along the spina of the circus (for related finds, including two reused lion head spouts, see Pisani Sartorio and Calza 1976, 195–196, 201–202). Statuary was also reused to adorn the euripus of the circus and its water features (Ioppolo and Pisani Sartorio 1999, 133, 208–211, figs. 28–29). A fountain in the shape of the meta sudans was depicted in early prints of the circus, but its presence has not been confirmed archeologically."	Cipollino and white marble cornices were reused to frame the basin in the floor of #1. Statuary was reused to adorn the euripus of the circus and its water features.	Conlin et al. 2006, 349, fig. 1	"Pisani Sartorio and Calza 1976, 21–27, 56–59, 61, 108–110, 115–116, 127–128, 164–167, 195–196, 201–202; figs 19–20, 66; pls H, I.6, M.2; XIV–XVII, XXIV.2, XLII, XLVIII, L
Letzner 1990, 280–281, no. 20–21, figs 9,1, 9,2
Ioppolo and Pisani Sartorio 1999, 133, 208–211, 215–217, figs 28–29
Bressan 2003, 244, 266, 270–271, 275, 280, 288, 291, 294, notes 21, 83, 123, fig. 83
De Franceschini 2005, 312, no. 69
Conlin et al. 2006, fig. 1
Gallocchio 2014, 279, fig. 2
Camardo, Girardo and Loreti 2018, 312, figs 4–7
Santucci 2018, 246–247, figs 1, 5"	41.85615341372124, 12.51955133892677
V.IT14	Rome, Ninfeo di Egeria	Italy	suburban villa	partially excavated	Hadrianic hall, refurbished and equipped with water in the early 4th century (Pisani Sartorio, Maiuro and Rausa 2008, 195)	"1) 2nd-century cenatio, with fountain added in the 4th century (Pisani Sartorio, Maiuro and Rausa 2008, 195)
2) early 4th century (De Cristofaro 2014, 47-48)"	"1) enclosed fountain room
rectangular room (L 9.45 m, W 7.10 m) covered by a barrel vault and embedded into a hill with 3 niches on each of its side walls and one on its rear, back wall. The vault was covered in pumice, shells, and blue glass tesserae, whereas the floors were covered in large green marble slabs (relaid in the 4th century). The walls were adorned with bands of white and green marble revetment above which was polychrome mosaic, probably original to the 2nd-century phase (Pisani Sartorio, Maiuro and Rausa 2008, 195). It remains unclear which niches (if any) may have been equipped with water in the Maxentian renovation. The statue of a reclining figure in the central niche that, according to De Cristofaro (2014, 42), depicts the river god Almo may have only been added in the Renaissance.

2) basin, court orthogonal to the enclosed room with two exedras each with a small apsidal niche
rectangular basin (L 7.35 m; W 2.55 m) with a semicircular apse on its N side. Built in opus listatum and once covered with marble revetment, traces of which are preserved in the plaster on the floor and walls (ibid., 47–48). A conduit of terracotta tubuli for water supply remains in situ today inserted into the walls of the western half of the room (more than 13 meters are preserved). De Cristofaro (2014, 48) has identified evidence for the connection of this conduit to a local aqueduct in the early 4th century.

The name is based on an inscription stating that it is the fountain of Egeria, dedicated to the Nymphs, which reportedly found in the bottom of the basin in the 16th century, but was lost already by the 19th century (see Pisani Sartorio, Maiuro and Rausa 2008, 195 for references).

Another possible fountain may have been built in elevation on the right side of the room. Next to the entrance, a tall square structure (1 m x 0.90 m) preserves traces of cocciopesto, suggesting a hydraulic function; dated to the 5th century by Spera (2003, no. 302).

The water was supplied from a spring through a canal from the E, tangent to both the S niche of the E wall and the niche in the exedra. The water was then conveyed through a clay pipe under the niches of the W wall (Letzner 1990, 288–289)."	Reused building material, including peperino blocks. The statue of a reclining figure in the central niche of the room, which, according to De Cristofaro (2014, 42), depicts the river god Almo, may have only been added in the Renaissance [in contrast, Dubbini (2017, 247) interprets it as a nymph that once belonged to a sarcophagus]. Another marble figure (seemingly of Pan) was found by Fea in 1816, but has been lost since (De Cristofaro 2014, 42–43).	De Christofaro 2014, 33, fig. 3	"Pisani Sartorio and Calza 1976, 137, 140, 211
Letzner 1990, 288–289, no. 36, pl. 16
Bressan 2003, 245, 270–271, 291, fig. 94
Spera 2003, note 302
De Cristofaro 2005, 666–675, figs 1–10
Pisani Sartorio, Maiuro and Rausa 2008, 195, fig. 147
De Cristofaro 2014, 33–34, 37, 39, 42, 45–49, figs 2–22
Dubbini 2017, 247"	"41.859167, 12.524278
41°51'33.0""N 12°31'27.4""E"
V.IT15	Rome, Villa di Tor de' Schiavi	Italy	imperial suburban villa	partially excavated	early 1st-century BC foundation, expansions in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and early 4th centuries (De Franceschini 2005, 144)	"1) 2nd-century construction (Antonine), restored in the early 4th century (De Franceschini 2005, 144, 149)
2) 4th century (Maiuro 2005, 36)"	"1) fountain built in elevation
exedra with a rectangular exterior and semicircular interior articulated with two semicircular niches facing a curvilinear vaulted portico on the E side (Marzano 2007, 542). Built in opus mixtum. The space between the curved W side with fountain niches and the facing portico measures 4.62 x 4.4 m (Erpetti 2021, 51, fig. 48). A ribbed vault once covered the exedra, part of which remains visible (Volpe 2000, 164)

2) freestanding fountain, behind a small apsidal hall, off of the portico
fountain consisting of two adjacent semicircular basins, the structure of which was constructed with terracotta pipes (De Franceschini 2005, 150 [ninfeo 104])

The complex included multiple cisterns, including a monumental two-story one and another later one."	None recorded (both have been almost entirely spoliated).	De Franceschini 2005, 144, fig. 53.1	"De Franceschini 2005, 144–156, figs 53.1, 53.13–16
Maiuro 2005, 35–39, fig. 27
Marzano 2007, 541–543, L244
Erpetti 2021, 51, figs 7, 9, 14–15, 48"	41.89550660734245, 12.553615109074768
V.IT16	Rome, Villa di via del Quadraro	Italy	suburban villa	partially excavated	1st-century BC/AD foundation, enlarged and redecorated in the 3rd/4th century, occupied into the 4th century (De Franceschini 2005, 197)	1–2) 3rd century (De Franceschini 2005, 197–199)	"1) freestanding fountain, peristyle court, center
x-shaped fountain with four concave niches (max. L & W c. 1.4 m, diam niches c. 50 cm). Built in opus vittatum and revetted with white marble. Perhaps built on top of an earlier impluvium. 

2) basin, room to SE of peristyle court, NE side
rectangular basin (L c. 6.4 m; W c. 1.8 m), lined with white marble. A fistula fragment was found within it. Perhaps it belonged to poorly preserved bathing facilities?"	A fragment of a sarcophagus lid was found, but details of its findspot were not provided.	De Franceschini 2005, 197, fig. 70.1	"De Franceschini 2005, 197–199, no. 70, figs 70.1, 70.3
Egidi 2005, 177
Coates-Stephens 2003, 432–433
Marzano 2007, 557, L256
Volpe 2014, 271"	circa 41.853930, 12.549038
V.IT17	San Cesareo (Rome), Villa di San Cesareo	Italy	suburban villa	partially excavated, estimated extension c. 20,000 m2	1st-century BC structures, early Imperial villa, expanded in the 2nd, 3rd, and early 4th centuries (Recco 2012, 344)	"1) early 4th century (Gatti 1993, 12–13)
2nd/3rd-century embellished cistern (Recco 2012, 342)"	"1) fountain built in elevation ('la Torraccia' in the Villa Rospigliosi)
fountain built in elevation with a two-story central plan (int. diam 20.5 m; H 18 m) built in opus vittatatum. Square on the outside and circular inside, it had an octagonal upper floor, while in the lower area, at the four corners, there was a circular exedra surmounted by large windows. The vault was decorated with octagonal coffers, while the walls were adorned with polychrome marble revetment.

The villa was equipped with multiple cisterns, including one square reservoir with 25-m-long sides articulated with niches. Traces of painted polychrome plaster as well as decorative stuccoes and fragments of marble slabs indicate that the exterior was decorated like the cisterns of similar shape in the Sessorian palace or the villa dei Sette Bassi along the via Latina (Recco 2012, 341–342, note 7). While it was probably supplied from an aqueduct above, two evacuation channels were identified running N-S. Another channel connected this cistern to another underground reservoir, which was supplied by an underground aqueduct (ibid., 343). White marble Corinthian capitals were found reused in the channel to slow the flow of the water (ibid. 2012, 343, note 16).

The published plan is limited to part of the villa nucleus, the baths, and the cistern articulated with niches, but does not include the fountain."	White marble Corinthian capitals were found reused in the channel to slow the flow of the water (Recco 2012, 343, note 16).	No published plan includes the fountain.	"Neuerburg 1965, 176–177, fig. 139
Letzner 1990, 374, no. 205 (Villa Rospigliosi)
Ferracci 1999, 298–299, fig. 15
Maiuro 2006, 59–60
Recco 2011, 403–404, 409
Recco 2012, 341–344, note 16"	41.82290567194749, 12.795062733635348
V.IT18	Tivoli, Villa dei Colli di S. Stefano	Italy	rural villa	partially excavated	Republican villa, underwent expansion in the 2nd century AD and some renovation in the second half of the 4th/5th century (Marzano 2007, 573)	"1) 2nd century
2) mid-4th century brick stamp suggests late dating
3) ? 2nd century or later
(Mari 1991, 237–244)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, to the E of the peristyle
no longer extant cascade fountain, perhaps with an apsidal basin based on its 18th-century description as «fontana di bizzarra, e vaga forma nel mezzo di un lato (...), con cascata di acqua intonacata di marmi scoperti nella cava suddetta» (Piranesi, Pritaneo, 7, 1, 8 cited in Mari 1991)

2) pool [B]
elliptical pool (L 56 m; W 34.60 m) surrounded by four channels of variable width. Covered with irregular tuff elements (Mari 1991, 240, figs. 387–388).

3) pool, 100 m to the E of #2
trapezoidal pool (max. L 51 m;  W 43 m; D c. 5 m) built in opus latericium and reticulatum (Mari 1991, fig. 391B, 392). From the N side were two ramps that descended into the pool. Two wells perhaps communicated with an underground aqueduct that supplied the pool, and the strange trapezoidal plan was perhaps imposed by the sloping line of the ground (on the E side) and the conditioning of preexisting structures (aqueduct? on the W side) (ibid., 242).

A mid-4th-century brick stamp (CIL XV, 1688) was also found in association with the villa's private aqueduct (Marzano 2007, 573)."	The mix of marbles described in association with #1 suggests reuse.	Marzano 2007, 572, L283	"Mari 1991, 237–244, no. 157
Marzano 2007, 573, L283
Mari 2015, 66–69, fig. 40"	41.92573787882942, 12.78634536753782
V.IT19	Velletri, Villa di San Cesareo	Italy	suburban villa	partially excavated, estimated expanse c. 11,250 m2 (Lugli 1930, 5)	Republican structures, transformed into a villa in the second quarter of the 2nd century (2 main phases: AD 123–130; 135–150), 4th/5th-century renovation (Vighi 1941, 39)	"1–2) mid-2nd century
3) post 2nd century
4–5) 4th/5th century (Lugli 1930, 26–28)"	"1) fountain built in elevation, corridor N of garden
elongated hemicycle with a niche in the center. The fountain was carved into the retaining wall of the upper terrace, its walls were built in opus mixtum, and it was once covered by a vault. It was once fed by a fountain jet from the top; the basin that probably stood underneath was not able to be identified (Lugli 1930, 12).

2) fountain built in elevation, garden, NW corner, backdrop to E-W garden path 
exedra fountain with a central semicircular niche in opus reticulatum (W 1.28 m) flanked by two larger rectangular niches (W 2.4 m; D 60 cm) in opus listatum on either side. Five substantial buttresses were built along the exterior of the fountain to support its vault covering (Lugli 1930, 15–17; Vighi 1941, 26). The whole structure was lined in cocciopesto.

3) fountain built in elevation, garden, E side
rectangular fountain (L 4.7 m; W 3.8 m) with a niche (diam. 3 m) in the rear E wall (Vighi 1941, 25) built in opus mixtum.

4) water-equipped stibadium, garden, S sector, offset to the W
round room (ext. diam. 12.1 m) with semicircular curved wall built on top of the villa's Republican atrium with peperino impluvium using reused materials from the villa (Vighi 1941, 28). Some of the early pavement of polychrome marble tesserae and of black and white mosaic was preserved (Vighi 1941, 27). A wall closed off the apse (W 4.6 m) to create a basin. A sewer runs all around the apse and drains to the S; another sewer underneath the impluvium also connects to the villa's main sewer that served the baths.
Lugli (1930, 18–21) identified this structure as a 'baptistery', whereas Spera has reinterpreted it a possible cenatio with stibadium and water installations (presentation 15.12.2020).

5) basin, garden, SW sector
round basin (diam. 5.30 m) lined in cocciopesto and covered in marble. Attached to the S was a large conduit, and a sewer ran across it E-W (Lugli 1930, 17).

An enormous vaulted cistern served the villa (Lugli 1930, 10–11)."	The so-called baptistery was built using elements from the earlier phases of the villa, including the impluvium basin and marble paving. Fragments of a larger than life-size male marble head, of which only part of the nape of the neck remains; a piece of drapery; and a large marble table support with a roaring lion's head resting on a head of acanthus were recovered (Vighi 1941, 29).	Vighi 1941, plan	"Lugli 1930, 5, 10–28, figs 6, 9–11, plan
Vighi 1941, 18–33, figs 1–3, 9–12, pl. I
Neuerburg 1960, 291–294, nos 64–65
Letzner 1990, 348–349
Marzano 2007, 633, fig. L362
Garofalo et al. 2016, 208–209, 225
Spera presentation, 15.12.2020, Le grandi ville imperiali nel suburbio romano e nel Lazio nella tarda antichità
Garofalo 2020, 66–67"	41.82514472766481, 12.795175239366815
V.IT20	Vibo Valentia, Villa di loc. Trainiti di Briatico	Italy	maritime villa	partially excavated	uncertain early foundation date, 2nd/3rd century monumentalization, late 3rd/early 4th-century embellishment, occupied into the 6th century (Cannatà and Malacrino 2018, 92–93)	1) late 3rd/early 4th century or slightly later (Cannatà and Malacrino 2018, 101, 115)	"1) freestanding fountain, hall, center, slightly rotated with respect to the main axes
octagonal basin (c. 20 cm per side) set within a square base (L & W 1.3 m) within which was a square basin (L & W 85 cm) surrounded by two concentric channels, which would have created a cascade effect with the fountain overflow. 
The fountain basin was entirely covered in white and colored marbles, including Africano marble from the quarries of Teos in Asia Minor (Cannatà and Malacrino 2018, 101). 
The fountain was supplied by a fistula that was found in situ inserted into the side wall of the fountain (ibid., 93, fig. 8). 
The fountain was placed at the center of a polychrome mosaic pavement featuring erotes fishing and marine life alongside another panel of garden scenes. Due to the pavement repairs, Cannatà and Malacrino (2018, 101) note that the fountain may have been inserted subsequently to the late 3rd/early 4th-century pavement or they may have been added simultaneously and the repairs due to maintenance of the fistula."	Crustae were reused in the fountain revetment as revealed by the presence of a molded frame on the edge of a white marble slab, as well as in repairs to the surrounding mosaic pavement (Malacrino and Cannatà 2018, 101, 103–104). A statue base was found in the vicinity of the fountain but no further details were provided (ibid., 87, note 5).	Cannatà and Malacrino 2018, 96, fig. 11	"Iannelli 1989, 709–710
Cannatà and Malacrino 2018, 87, 91–115, esp. 101, figs 7–17"	circa 38.713046, 16.062881
V.NA1	Caesarea / Cherchell, Les Trois Îlots	North Africa	rural villa	partially excavated, c. 1800 m2 exposed	late 4th/early 5th-century rural residence built on top of earlier high Imperial agricultural establishment (Lavagne 1998, 281, note 52)	1) 2nd-century stepped fountain block reused in late 4th/early 5th-century building (Lavagne 1998, 281, note 52)	"1) ground-level fountain, peristyle, center
cruciform basin (max. extension c. 7.8 m) at the center of which was found a stepped fountain block in situ on a cement base. Semicircular basins faced outwards on the ends of each of the four arms, and an additional seven semicircular basins were attached to the sides of the arms (facing pairs except for one missing on the NE arm). The marble fountain block (max. L 30 cm; max. W 27.5 cm; H 19 cm) was of quadrangular plan with vertical walls and featured a central urn, small scalette d'acqua decorated at the top with shell valves, and stylized vases in the corner panels (Galliazzo 1979)."	A 2nd-century stepped fountain block was reused at the center of the late 4th-century peristyle fountain.	Leveau 1984, 249, fig. 50	"Galliazzo 1979, 67, 78, note 64
Leveau 1984, 249–253, figs 49–53
Lavagne 1998, 281, note 52
Heyken 2004, 127, fig. 14
Farrar 2018, 244, cat. 18"	36.62632017427523, 2.262573830969158
V.NA2	Portus Magnus / Saint-Leu, Grande Villa de Portus Magnus	North Africa	rural villa	partially excavated	uncertain, mosaics in the hall dated to the 4th century (Foucher 1996, 202)	1–6) ? late 3rd/4th century	"1) basin, peristyle, center
round basin (diam. c. 1.8 m).

2) basin, peristyle, left side, central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 3.8 m; radius c. 1.8 m).

3) basin, peristyle, upper side, central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 3.8 m; radius c. 1.8 m).

4) basin, peristyle, right side, central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 3.8 m; radius c. 1.8 m).

5) basin, left garden court, top right intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 1.8 m; radius c. 80 cm).

6) basin, right garden court, top left intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 1.8 m; radius c. 80 cm)."	None recorded.	Gsell 1901, vol. 2, 19, fig. 87	"Gsell 1901, vol. 2, 19–21, fig. 87
Lassus 1956, 289–290
Rebuffat 1969, 675
Foucher 1996, 202
Farrar 1998, 79
Novello 2003, 52, note 33"	circa 35.80380522318127, -0.259052080902099
V.NA3	Portus Magnus / Saint-Leu, Petite Villa de Portus Magnus	North Africa	rural villa	fully excavated, ground floor surface area c. 580 m2	uncertain	1–3) ? late 3rd/4th century	"1) basin, peristyle, W side, central intercolumniation, facing hall, though slightly off-center from its tripartite entrance
semicircular basin (W c. 2.2 m; radius c. 70 cm), paved in black and white mosaic.

2) basin, peristyle, S side, central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 1.9 m; radius c. 60 cm), paved in black and white mosaic.

3) basin, peristyle, E side, central intercolumniation
semicircular basin (W c. 2.2 m) [reconstructed for symmetry, Gsell 1901, vol. 2, 18, note 4, based on an 1860 sketch by Berbrugger]."	None recorded.	Gsell 1901, vol. 2, 17, fig. 86	Gsell 1901, vol. 2, 17–18, fig. 86	circa 35.80380522318127, -0.259052080902099